Cómo me hice BookTuber: (auto)etnografía digital, prosumo literario y sociabilidad en YouTube
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.54.52927Palabras clave:
Youtube, booktubers, etnografía digital, prosumo literario, espacios de afinidad, datificaciónResumen
En este artículo se presenta una reflexión metodológica sobre una etnografía digital entre BookTubers en lengua española realizada entre 2017 y 2020. A partir de esta experiencia, el artículo presenta un repaso de las principales formas de entender el paradigma etnográfico en el contexto digital, específicamente en YouTube, y plantea una reflexión metodológica alrededor de cinco aspectos: 1) el campo como un constructo de participación abierta, 2) el rol de los afectos en la etnografía digital, 3) la construcción de vínculos sociales a partir de la afinidad, 4) la datificación de las prácticas y las relaciones sociales, y 5) las implicancias de la exposición pública del investigador. Con ello, se busca contribuir a la comprensión de las formas de prosumo literario en YouTube, a la práctica de etnografías digitales y auto-etnografías en plataformas digitales y a los debates metodológicos sobre el estudio de creadores de contenido en plataformas digitales.
Descargas
Citas
Abidin, C. & de Seta, G. (2020). Private messages from the field: Confessions on digital ethnography and its discomforts. Journal of Digital Social Research, 2(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.33621/jdsr.v2i1.35
Albarello, F., Arri, F., & García Luna, A. L. (2020). Entre libros y pantallas: los booktubers como mediadores culturales (Between books and screens: BookTubers as cultural mediators). Ediciones Universidad del Salvador.
Ardévol, E. & Gómez-Cruz, E. (2014). Digital Ethnography and Media Practices. In F. Darling-Wolf, (Ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Media Studies: Research Methods in Media Studies (vol. 7) Wiley-Blackwell.
Berryman, R. & Kavka, M. (2018). Crying on YouTube: Vlogs, self-exposure and the productivity of negative affect. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 24(1), 85–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856517736981
Bishop, S. (2018). Anxiety, panic and self-optimization: Inequalities and the YouTube algorithm. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 24(1), 69–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856517736978
Bishop, S. (2019). Managing visibility on YouTube through algorithmic gossip. New Media & Society, 21(11–12), 2589–2606. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819854731
Boellstorff, T., Nardi, B., Pearce, C., & Taylor, T. L. (2012). Ethnography and Virtual Worlds: A Handbook of Method. Princeton University Press.
Bourdieu P. (1996). The Rules of Art: Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field. Stanford University Press.
Bourdieu, P., Chamboredon, J.-C., & Passeron, J. C. (2002). El oficio de sociólogo (The sociologist’s job). Siglo XXI.
Bräuchler, B., & Postill, J. (2010). Theorising Media and Practice. Berghahn Books.
Brinkmann, S. (2017). The interview. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research (5th ed) (pp. 997–1038). SAGE.
Bruns, A. (2008). Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life, and beyond: From production to produsage (Vol. 45). Peter Lang.
Bucher, T. (2016). Neither Black Nor Box: Ways of Knowing Algorithms. In S. Kubitschko & A. Kaun (Eds.), Innovative Methods in Media and Communication Research (pp. 81–98).
Springer.
Burgess, J. & Green, J. (2009). YouTube: Online Video and Participatory Culture. Polity Books.
Burrell, J. (2009). The Field Site as a Network: A Strategy for Locating Ethnographic Research. Field Methods, 21(2), 181–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X08329699
Castells, M. (2000). La sociedad red (The network society). Alianza.
Coleman, G. (2015). Hacker, Hoaxer, Whistleblower, Spy: The Many Faces of Anonymous. Verso.
Coman, M. & Rothenbuhler, E. W. (2005). The Promise of Media Anthropology. In E. W.
Rothenbuhler & M. Coman (Eds.), Media Anthropology (pp. 1–11). Sage Thousand Oaks.
Couldry, N. (2004). Theorising media as practice. Social Semiotics, 14(2), 115–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/1035033042000238295
Cunningham, S. & Craig, D. (2017). Being ‘really real’ on YouTube: authenticity, community and brand culture in social media entertainment. Media International Australia, 164(1), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X17709098
Cunningham, S. & Craig, D. (2019). Social Media Entertainment: The New Intersection of Hollywood and Silicon Valley. NYU Press.
Cunningham, S. & Craig, D. (2021). Creator culture. An Introduction to Global Social Media Entertainment. NYU Press.
Data Reportal. (2022, January 22). Digital 2022: YouTube’s Ad Reach Passes 2.5 Billion.
DataReportal. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-youtube-headlines
Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (2011). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research. SAGE. de Seta, G. (2020). Three lies of digital ethnography. Journal of Digital Social Research, 2(1), 77–97. https://doi.org/10.33621/jdsr.v2i1.24
Duffy, B. E. (2017). (Not) getting paid to do what you love: gender, social media, and aspirational work. Yale University Press.
Ehret, C., Boegel, J., & Manuel-Nekouei, R. (2018). The Role of Affect in Adolescents’ Online Literacies: Participatory Pressures in BookTube Culture. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 62 (2), 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.881
frankze A, Bechmann A, Zimmer M, Charles ME and the Association of Internet Researchers (2020) Internet Research: Ethical Guidelines 3.0. Association of Internet Researchers. Available at: https://aoir.org/reports/ethics3.pdf
Fereday, J. & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating Rigor Using Thematic Analysis: A Hybrid Approach of Inductive and Deductive Coding and Theme Development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), 80-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406906005001
Flores-Marquez, D. & González Reyes, R. (Eds.). (2021). La imaginación metodológica: Coordenadas, rutas y apuestas para estudio de la cultura digital (The methodological imagination: coordinates, routes and bets for the study of digital culture). Tintable.
Garcia-Rapp, F. (2019). Trivial and Normative? Online Fieldwork within YouTube’s Beauty Community. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 48(5), 619–644. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891241618806974
García-Roca, A. (2021). Nuevos mediadores de la LIJ: análisis de los BookTubers más importantes de habla hispana [New Mediators of Youth Literature: Analysis of the most important Spanish-Speaking BookTubers]. Cuadernos.info, (48), 94-114. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.48.1743
Gee, J. P. (2014). Collected Essays on Learning and Assessment in the Digital World. Common Ground.
Gee, J. P. & Hayes, E. (2012). Nurturing afinity spaces and game-based learning. In C. Steinkuehler, K. Squire, & S. Barab (Eds.), Games, Learning, and Society: Learning and Meaning in the Digital Age (pp. 129–155). Cambridge University Press.
Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. Basic Books.
Glaser, B. G. & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: strategies for qualitative research. Aldine Pub. Co.
Glatt, Z. (2019, October 2). Aspirations, audiences and algorithms: Autoethnographic explorations of becoming a YouTuber (paper presentation). AoIR 2019: The 20th Annual Conference of the Association of Internet Researchers, Brisbane, Australia. https://aoir.org/aoir2019/
Glatt, Z. (2022). “We’re all told not to put our eggs in one basket”: Uncertainty, precarity and cross-platform labor in the online video influencer industry. International Journal of Communication, 16, 1–19. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/15761
Gómez-Cruz, E. (2012). De la cultura Kodak a la imagen en red: Una etnografía sobre imagen digital (From Kodak Culture to Networked Image: An Ethnography of Digital Photography). Editorial UOC.
Guerrero-Pico, M. (2019). Fanfiction y beta reading: escritura colaborativa en red (Fanfiction and beta Reading: networked collaborative writing). In Lectoescritura digital (Digital literacy) (pp. 61–68). Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional.
Gu, J. (2014). Participating in YouTubing practice: towards a practice perspective to understand user participation motivations. Working paper for the EASA Media Anthropology Network’s 47th e-Seminar. https://easaonline.org/networks/media/eseminars
Hine, C. (2000). Virtual Ethnography. SAGE.
Hine, C. (2015). Ethnography for the Internet: Embedded, Embodied and Everyday. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Jeffman, T. M. W. (2017). BookTubers: performances e conversações em torno do livro e da leitura na comunidade booktube (BookTubers: performances and conversations around books and reading in the booktube community) (Doctoral dissertation, Universidade do Vale do Rio Sinos – UNISINOS). http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/6337
Jenkins, H., Purushotma, R., Weigel, M., Clinton, K., & Robison, A. J. (2009). Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture. Media Education for the 21st Century. The MIT Press.
Jerslev, A. (2016). In the Time of the Microcelebrity: Celebrification and the YouTuber Zoella. International Journal of Communication, 10, 5233–5251. http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/5078
Keeley-Browne, E. (2011). Cyber-Ethnography: The Emerging Research Approach for 21st Century Research Investigation. In Handbook of Research on Transformative Online Education and Liberation (pp. 330–238). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-046-4.ch017
Kozinets, R. (2010). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. SAGE.
Lange, P. (2007). Publicly Private and Privately Public: Social Networking on YouTube. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 361–380. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00400.x
Lange, P. (2014). Kids on YouTube: Technical Identities and Digital Literacies. Left Coast Press.
Lluch, G. (2014). Jóvenes y adolescentes hablan de lectura en la red (Teenagers and young people talk about reading on the net). Ocnos. Revista de Estudios Sobre Lectura, (11), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.18239/ocnos_2014.11.01
Lluch, G. (2017). Los jóvenes y adolescentes comparten la lectura (Young people and teenagers share reading). In F. Cruces (Ed.), ¿Cómo leemos en la sociedad digital? Lectores, booktubers y prosumidores (How do we read in the digital society? Readers, BookTubers and Prosumers) (pp. 30–52). Ariel.
Luvaas, B. (2021). Affect and Autoethnography in Social Media Research. In S. Cunningham & D. Craig (Eds.), Creators Culture: Studying the Social Media Entertainment Industry. NYU Press.
Maddox, J. (2021). On the Limits of Platform-Centric Research: YouTube, ASMR, and Affordance Bilingualism. International Journal of Communication, 15, 1120–1140. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16305
Markham, A. N. (2004). Internet communication as a tool for qualitative research. In D. Silverman (Ed.), Qualitative Research: Theory, Method and Practice (pp. 95–124). Sage.
Marshall, J. (2010). Ambiguity, oscillation and disorder: Online ethnography and the making of culture. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2(3), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v2i3.1598
Marwick, A. E. (2013). Status Update: Celebrity, Publicity, and Branding in the Social Media Age. Yale University Press.
Miller, D. & Slater, D. (2000). The Internet: An Ethnographic Approach. Berg.
Murphy, P. D. (2011). Locating Media Ethnography. In V. Nightingale (Ed.), The Handbook of Media Audiences (pp. 380–401). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444340525.ch19 Observatorio de Booktube, (n.d). Home [YouTube Channel] Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ9RefQSFt8kDnq9VmCNccg
O’Reilly, K. (2005). Ethnographic Methods (2nd Ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203864722
Paladines-Paredes, L. V. & Aliagas Marín, C. (2021). Booktubers: lectura en red, nuevas literacidades y aplicaciones didácticas (Booktubers: networked reading, new literacies and didactic applications). EDMETIC, 10(1), 58–72. https://doi.org/10.21071/edmetic.v10i1.12234
Pellicone, A. & Ahn, J. (2018). Building Worlds: A Connective Ethnography of Play in Minecraft. Games and Culture, 13(5), 440–458. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412015622345
Pink, S., Horst, H. A., Postill, J., Hjorth, L., Lewis, T., & Tacchi, J. (2016). Digital Ethnography: Principles and Practice. SAGE.
Postigo, H. (2016). The socio-technical architecture of digital labor: Converting play into YouTube money. New Media & Society, 18(2), 332–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814541527
Postigo, H. (2021). Video Gameplay Commentary: Immersive Research in Participatory Culture. In S. Cunningham & D. Craig (Eds.), Creator Culture: An introduction to Global Social Media Entertainment (pp. 117–134). NYU Press. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479890118.003.0010
Postill, J. (2009). What is the point of media anthropology? Social Anthropology/Anthropologie Sociale, 17(3), 334–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8676.2009.00079_1.x
Postill, J. & Pink, S. (2012). Social Media Ethnography: The Digital Researcher in a Messy Web. Media International Australia, 145(1), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X1214500114
Raun, T. (2015). Video blogging as a vehicle of transformation: Exploring the intersection between trans identity and information technology. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 18(3), 365–378. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877913513696
Reid, E. (1994). Cultural formations in text-based virtual realities (master’s thesis, University of Melbourne). http://papers.cumincad.org/cgi-bin/works/paper/ca57
Rheingold, H. (1994). The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. Harper Perennial.
Rieder, B., Matamoros-Fernández, A., & Coromina, Ò. (2018). From ranking algorithms to ‘ranking cultures’: Investigating the modulation of visibility in YouTube search results. Convergence, 24(1), 50–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856517736982
Ruffino, P. (2022). There is no cure: Paratexts as remediations of agency in Red Dead Redemption 2. Convergence, 28(2), 345–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565221081062
Scolari, C. A. (Ed.). (2018). Teens, media and collaborative cultures. Exploiting teens’ transmedia skills in the classroom. Universitat Pompeu Fabra. https://repositori.upf.edu/handle/10230/34245?
Scolari, C. A. & Fraticelli, D. (2017). The case of the top Spanish YouTubers: Emerging media subjects and discourse practices in the new media ecology. Convergence, 25(3), 496–515. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856517721807
Scolari, C. A., Fraticelli, D., & Tomasena, J. M. (2021). A semio-discursive analysis of Spanish-speaking BookTubers. In S. Cunningham & D. Craig (Eds.), Creators Culture: Studying the Social Media Entertainment Industry. NYU Press.
Snelson, C. (2015). Vlogging about school on YouTube: An exploratory study. New Media & Society, 17(3), 321–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813504271
Snickars, P. & Vonderau, P. (Eds.) (2009). The YouTube reader. Kungliga Biblioteket.
Sorensen, K. & Mara, A. (2013). BookTubers as a Networked Knowledge Community. In M. Limbu & B. Gurung (Eds.), Emerging Pedagogies in the Networked Knowledge Society:
Practices Integrating Social Media and Globalization (pp. 87–99). Information Science
Reference.
Sued, G. (2016). Formas distantes de ver youtube: una exploración por la comunidad booktube (Distant ways of watching YouTube: an exploration of the BookTube community). Virtualis, 7(14), 90–112. https://www.revistavirtualis.mx/index.php/virtualis/article/view/189
Sued, G. E. & Lugo, N. (2022). Innovación metodológica para el estudio de la plataformización (Methodological innovation for the study of platformization). Virtualis, 13(4), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.46530/virtualis.v13i24.407
Toffler, A. (1980). The Third Wave. William Morrow and Company.
Tomasena, J. M. (2019). Negotiating Collaborations: BookTubers, The Publishing Industry, and YouTube’s Ecosystem. Social Media + Society, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119894004
Tomasena, J. M. (2020). Los BookTubers en español: entre la cultura participativa y el comercio de la conectividad (The Spanish-speaking BookTubers: between participatory culture and the commerce of connectivity) (Doctoral dissertation, Universitat Pompeu Fabra) http://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/670637
Tomasena, J. M. (2021a). ¿Quiénes son los bookTubers? Características de los videoblogueros literarios en lengua española. Ocnos. Revista de Estudios Sobre Lectura, 20(2), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.18239/ocnos_2021.20.2.2466
Tomasena, J. M. (2021b). El comercio de la conectividad: Los booktubers, youtube y el campo literario. (The commerce of connectivity: The Booktubers, YouTube and the literary field). Cultura Participativa, Fandom y Narrativas Emergentes En Redes Sociales, 573–590.
Tompkins, A. B. (2014). “There’s No Chasing Involved”: Cis/Trans Relationships, “Tranny Chasers,” and the Future of a Sex-Positive Trans Politics. Journal of Homosexuality, 61(5), 766–780. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2014.870448
Torralba Miralles, G. (2018). Los futuros maestros se convierten en booktubers. Una práctica de fomento lector en el Grado en Maestro de Educación Primaria (Teachers-to-be become booktubers: A Reading Promotion Practice in the Primary Education Degree). Lenguaje y Textos, (47), 13-23. https://doi.org/10.4995/lyt.2018.7986
van Dijck, J. (2013). The Culture of Connectivity. A Critical History of Social Media. Oxford University Press.
Vizcaíno-Verdú, A., Contreras-Pulido, P., & Guzmán-Franco, M.-D. (2019). Lectura y aprendizaje informal en YouTube: El booktuber (Reading and informal learning trends on YouTube: The booktuber). Comunicar, 59, 95–104. https://doi.org/10.3916/C59-2019-09
Waldron, J. (2013). User-generated content, YouTube and participatory culture on the Web: Music learning and teaching in two contrasting online communities. Music Education Research, 15(3), 257–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/14613808.2013.772131
Wang, X. & Picone, I. (2022). Mobilized, negotiated and balanced: Chinese school vloggers’ platform engagements and layered identity construction on Bilibili. Journal of Youth Studies, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2022.2098705
Wesch, M. (2008). An anthropological introduction to YouTube (Video). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU
Zafra, R. (2017). El entusiasmo: precariedad y trabajo creativo en la era digital (The entusiasm: precarity and creative labor in the digital age). Anagrama.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2023 Cuadernos.info
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual 4.0.