La campaña peruana en Twitter. Análisis de la polarización afectiva durante la segunda vuelta de las elecciones generales 2021
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.53.49539Palabras clave:
campañas electorales, Twitter, sentimientos, Polarización, elecciones presidenciales, PerúResumen
Twitter es uno de los espacios digitales que genera un gran atractivo para las candidaturas políticas en épocas de elecciones por su utilidad para difundir propuestas y generar debates coyunturales. Esta investigación analiza la polarización afectiva en los sentimientos y emociones contenidos en las menciones a las candidaturas presidenciales –Pedro Castillo y Keiko Fujimori– durante la segunda vuelta de las elecciones de 2021 en Perú. Se recurrió a la fuente de datos elaborada por el Monitoreo de Redes Sociales de la Dirección Nacional de Educación y Formación Cívica Ciudadana del Jurado Nacional de Elecciones. Se analizó un total de 1.202.297 tuits con el software estadístico R. Los resultados indican que la polarización afectiva se presenta en los sentimientos extremos de los usuarios hacia las candidaturas, e incluso que las cargas emocionales tienden a la inestabilidad temporal de apoyo o del rechazo.
Descargas
Citas
Adams, J., Merrill, S., & Grofman, B. (2005). A Unified Theory of Party Competition: A Cross-National Analysis Integrating Spatial and Behavioral Factors. Cambridge University Press.
Aldrich, J., Gibson, R., Cantijoch, M., & Konitzer, T. (2016). Getting out the vote in the social media era: Are digital tools changing the extent, nature and impact of party contacting in elections? Party Politics, 22(2), 165-178. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068815605304
Allcott, H. & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211–236. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211
Anduiza, E. & Bosch, A. (2004). Comportamiento político y electoral (Political and electoral behavior). Ariel.
Aragon, P., Kappler, K. E., Kaltenbrunner, A., Laniado, D., & Volkovich, Y. (2013). Communication dynamics in twitter during political campaigns: the case of the 2011 Spanish national election. Policy & Internet, 5(2), 183–206. https://doi.org/10.1002/1944-2866.POI327
Aruguete, N. & Calvo, E. (2018). Time to #Protest: Selective Exposure, Cascading Activation, and Framing in Social Media. Journal of Communication, 68(3), 480-502. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqy007
Aruguete, N. & Calvo, E. (2020). Fake news, trolls y otros encantos. Cómo funcionan (para bien y para mal) las redes sociales (Fake news, trolls and other charms. How social media works (for better and for worse)). Siglo XXI Editores.
Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L. (2015). Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science, 348(6239), 1130-1132. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1160
Barberá, P., Jost, J., Nagler, J., Tucker, J., & Bonneau, R. (2015). Tweeting From Left to Right: Is Online Political Communication More Than an Echo Chamber? Psychological Science, 26(10), 1531–1542. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615594620
Benkler, Y. (2006). The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. Yale University Press.
Bessi, A., Zollo, F., Del Vicario, M., Puliga, M., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., Uzzi, B., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2016). Users Polarization on Facebook and YouTube. PLoS ONE, 11(8), e0159641. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159641
Bodrunova, S. S., Blekanov, I., Smoliarova, A., & Litvinenko, A. (2019). Beyond Left and Right: Real-World Political Polarization in Twitter Discussions on Inter-Ethnic Conflicts. Media and Communication, 7(3), 119-132. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i3.1934
Boxell, L., Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. M. (2017). Greater Internet use is not associated with faster growth in political polarization among US demographic groups. PNAS, 114(40), 10612-10617. https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1706588114
Bruns, A. (2019, July 7-11). It’s not the technology, stupid: How the ‘Echo Chamber’ and ‘Filter Bubble’ metaphors have failed us. In International Association for Media and Communication Research Conference (unpublished).
Casermeiro de Pereson, A. (2004). Los medios en las elecciones: la agenda setting en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (The media in the elections: the agenda setting in the City of Buenos Aires). EDUCA.
Casero-Ripollés, A. (2010). Waking the public? Political communication, citizenship and Web 2.0. In M. Martin Vicente & D. Rothberg (Eds.), Meios de comunicaçao e cidadania (Media and citizenship) (pp. 107–122). Cultura Académica.
Chadwick, A. (2013). The Hybrid Media System: Politics and Power. Oxford University Press.
Crespo-Martínez, I., Garrido-Rubia, A., & Rojo-Martínez, J. M. (2022). El uso de las emociones en la comunicación político-electoral (The use of emotions in political-electoral communication). Revista Española de Ciencia Política, (58), 175-201. https://doi.org/10.21308/recp.58.06
Dauda, M. (2020, October 14-15). The impact of Covid-19 on election campaign in selected States of Nigeria. In The International Seminar on Regional Politics, Administration and Development 2020 (INSORPAD2020), Riau, Indonesia. http://repo.uum.edu.my/id/eprint/27826
Effing, R., Hillegersberg, J., & Huibers, T. (2016). Social Media Indicator and Local Elections in the Netherlands: Towards a Framework for Evaluating the Influence of Twitter, YouTube, and Facebook. In M. Sobaci (Ed.), Social Media and Local Governments (pp. 281-298). Springer-Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17722-9_15
Feenstra, R. & Casero-Ripollés, A. (2014). Democracy in the Digital Communication Environment: A Typology Proposal of Political Monitoring Processes. International Journal of Communication, 8, 2448–2468. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/2815
Flaxman, S., Goel, S., & Rao, J. (2016). Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers, and Online News Consumption. Public Opinion Quarterly, 80(S1), 298-320. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfw006
Gainous, J. & Kevin Wagner. (2013). Tweeting to Power: The Social Media Revolution in American
Politics. Oxford University Press.
Garrett, R. K., Gvirsman, S. D., Johnson, B. K., Tsfati, Y., Neo, R., & Dal, A. (2014). Implications of pro‐ and Counterattitudinal Information Exposure for Affective Polarization. Human Communication Research, 40(3), 309–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12028
Goodin, R. E. & Klingemann, H. D. (2001). Ciencia política. La disciplina (Political science. The discipline). In R. E. Goodin & H. D. Klingemman (Eds.), Nuevo manual de ciencia política (A New Handbook of Political Science), volumen 1 (pp. 21-82). Istmo.
Hanna, A., Wells, C., Maurer, P., Friedland, L., Shah, D., & Matthes, J. (2013). Partisan alignments and political polarization online: A computational approach to understanding the french and US presidential elections. In PLEAD '13: Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on Politics, elections and data (pp. 15–22). https://doi.org/10.1145/2508436.2508438
Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. (2021). Informe de Opinión – Mayo II 2021. Información sobre
política. Medios de comunicación y campaña electoral (Opinion Report - May II 2021. Information on politics. Media and electoral campaign). IEP. https://iep.org.pe/wpcontent/uploads/2021/05/Anexo-10.-Resultados-Mayo-II-2021.pdf
Iyengar, S., Lelkes, Y., Levendusky, M., Malhotra, N., & Westwood, S. J. (2019). The Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States. Annual Review of Political Science, 22, 129–146. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034
Jurado Nacional de Elecciones. (2021a). Encuesta Nacional Ciudadanía del Bicentenario (Bicentennial National Citizenship Survey). Dirección Nacional de Educación y Formación Cívica-Ciudadana.
Jurado Nacional de Elecciones. (2021b). Monitoreo de Redes Sociales (Social Network Monitoring). Dirección Nacional de Educación y Formación Cívica-CIudadana.
Jones, M. P. & Mainwaring, S. (2003). The Nationalization of Parties and Party Systems: An Empirical Measure and an Application to the Americas. Party Politics, 9(2), 139-66. https://doi.org/10.1177/13540688030092002
Kellner, D. (2000). Habermas, the public sphere, and democracy: A critical intervention. In L. Hahn (Ed.), Perspectives on Habermas (pp. 259-288). Open Court Press.
Lee C., Shin, J., & Hong, A. (2018). Does social media use really make people politically polarized? Direct and indirect effects of social media use on political polarization in South Korea. Telematics and Informatics, 35(1), 245–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.11.005
Lelkes, Y. (2016). Mass Polarization: Manifestations and Measurements. Public Opinion Quarterly, 80(S01), 392-410. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfw005
Liu B. & Zhang L. (2012) A Survey of Opinion Mining and Sentiment Analysis. In C. Aggarwal & C. Zhai (Eds.), Mining Text Data. Springer.
Marozzo, F. & Bessi, A. (2018). Analyzing polarization of social media users and news sites during political campaigns. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 8, 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-017-0479-5
Masip, P., Aran-Ramspott, S., Ruiz-Caballero, C., Suau, J., Almenar, E., & Puertas-Graell, D. (2020). Consumo informativo y cobertura mediática durante el confinamiento por el Covid-19: sobreinformación, sesgo ideológico y sensacionalismo (News consumption and media coverage during the confinement by Covid-19: information overload, ideological bias and sensationalism). Profesional De La información, 29(3). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.may.12
Mason, L. (2015). “I Disrespectfully Agree”: The Differential Effects of Partisan Sorting on Social and Issue Polarization. American Journal of Political Science, 59(1), 128-145. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12089
Matuszewski, P. & Szabó, G. (2019). Are Echo Chambers Based on Partisanship? Twitter and Political Polarity in Poland and Hungary. Social media + Society, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119837671
Meléndez, C. (2019). El mal menor. Vínculos políticos en el Perú posterior al colapso del sistema de partidos (The lesser evil. Political links in Peru after the collapse of the party system). Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.
Messing, S. & Westwood, SJ. (2014). Selective Exposure in the Age of Social Media: Endorsements Trump Partisan Source affiliation When Selecting News Online. Communication Research, 41(8), 1042–1063. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650212466406
Ministerio de Salud (2021). Directiva Sanitaria Nº128-MINSA-2021-DGIESP "Directiva Sanitaria: Protocolo que establece las medidas de seguridad y prevención contra la COVID-19 para las actividades de la campaña electoral en las Elecciones Generales 2021”. https://www.gob.pe/institucion/minsa/normas-legales/1605496-140-2021-minsa
Muñiz, C., Dader, J. L., Téllez, N. M., & Salazar, A. (2016). ¿Están los políticos políticamente comprometidos?: Análisis del compromiso político 2.0 desarrollado por los candidatos a través de Facebook (Are politicians politically engaged? Analysis of the political engagement 2.0 developed through Facebook). Cuadernos.Info, (39), 135-150. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.39.970
Nai, A. (2018). Fear and Loathing in Populist Campaigns? Comparing the Communication Style of Populists and Non-populists in Elections Worldwide. Journal of Political Marketing, 20(2), 219-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2018.1491439
Ortellado, P. A. (2019, January 1). A divisão consolidada (The consolidated division). Folha de São Paulo. https:/www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/pablo-ortellado/2019/01/a-divisaoconsolidada.shtml
Pang, B. & Lee, L. (2008). Opinion Mining and Sentiment Analysis. Foundations and Trends® in Information Retrieval, 2(1-2), 1-135. https://doi.org/10.1561/1500000011
Payne, J. M., Zovatto G., D., & Mateo, M. (2006). La política importa. Democracia y desarrollo en America Latina. Washington D.C.: Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo y el Instituto Internacional para la Democracia y la Asistencia Electoral.
Romero-Rodríguez, L. M., Aguaded, I., & Gadea, W. (2015). De la demonización a la polarización: un análisis desde el discurso digital del gobierno y la oposición venezolana (From demonization to polarisation: An analysis of the Venezuelan government’s and the political opposition’s digital discourse). Argos, 32(62), 97-117.
Ruiz, J. F. (2015). El impacto de los medios de comunicación sobre la definición del voto de los ciudadanos en Monterrey en las elecciones presidenciales de 2012 (The Impact of the Media on the Definition of Votes of Monterrey Citizens in the Presidential Elections of 2012). Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, 60(225), 203-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0185-1918(15)30024-6
Sobkowicz, P. & Sobkowicz, A. (2012). Two-Year Study of Emotion and Communication Patterns in a Highly Polarized Political Discussion Forum. Social Science Computer Review, 30(4), 448–469. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439312436512
Tanaka, M. (2005). El regreso del Estado y los desafíos de la democracia (The return of the State and the challenges of democracy). In V. Vich (Ed.). El estado está de vuelta: desigualdad, diversidad y democracia (The State is back: inequality, diversity, and democracy) (pp. 91-110). IEP.
Tucker, J., A., Theocharis, Y., Roberts, M. E., & Barberá, P. (2017). From Liberation to Turmoil: Social Media and Democracy. Journal of Democracy, 28(4), 46-59. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2017.0064
Urman, A. (2020). Context matters: political polarization on Twitter from a comparative perspective. Media, Culture & Society, 42(6), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443719876541
Villanueva, E. (2021). Rápido, violento y muy cercano. Las movilizaciones de noviembre de 2020 y el futuro de la política digital (Fast, violent and very close. The mobilizations of November 2020 and the future of digital politics). Fondo Editorial PUCP.
Yu, Y., Duan, W., & Cao, Q. (2013). The impact of social and conventional media on firm equity value: A sentiment analysis approach. Decision Support Systems, 55(4), 919–926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2012.12.028
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2022 Cuadernos.info
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual 4.0.
