El  impacto de la ultraderecha en Twitter durante las elecciones españolas de 2019

Frederic Guerrero-Solé; Lluís Mas-Manchón; Toni Aira

doi:10.7764/cdi.51.27471

Autores/as

Frederic Guerrero-Solé Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Lluís Mas-Manchón Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Toni Aira UPF Barcelona School of Management

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.51.27471

Palabras clave:

Twitter, medios sociales, comunicación política, elecciones, España, ultraderecha española, Vox, estructura de las comunidades

Resumen

Las dos elecciones españolas de 2019, celebradas el 28 de abril (28A) y el 10 de noviembre (10N), estuvieron marcadas por la irrupción del partido Vox, populista de extrema derecha, que pasó de 23 a 52 diputados. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el impacto de su irrupción en la estructura de las comunidades (Smith et al., 2014) de las redes de debate político durante estas dos elecciones en Twitter. El estudio compara además las estructuras de las dos elecciones de 2019 con las de 2015 y 2016, así como las distancias políticas entre los principales partidos españoles. Las muestras analizadas se componen de más de 1,5 millones de tuits publicados durante las campañas electorales del 28A y el 10N. Aunque las investigaciones anteriores muestran que, en general, los patrones de interacción y las estructuras de las redes tienden a permanecer estables después de la repetición de unas elecciones, esta investigación muestra un cambio sustancial en la estructura de las redes de intersección de comunidades de retuiteadores RON (Guerrero-Solé, 2017) y en las distancias entre partidos. Específicamente, la investigación evidencia un incremento de la distancia entre los dos principales bloques políticos españoles –el formado por la triple derecha (PP, Cs y Vox) y el constituido por partidos de izquierda y nacionalistas– y (2) la ubicación de Vox en el centro del clúster de las opciones de derecha.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Biografía del autor/a

Frederic Guerrero-Solé, Universitat Pompeu Fabra

Es doctor en Comunicación Publica por la Universidad Pompeu Fabra (UPF), y profesor de Sociología de la Comunicación y Medios Digitales y Relaciones Públicas en esta misma universidad. Sus principales líneas de investigación son redes sociales y comunicación política, y efectos de los medios. Ha publicado artículos en numerosas revistas científicas como Information, Communication & Society, Social Science Computer Review y Social Media + Society. Actualmente es el subdirector de investigación del departamento de comunicación de la UPF.

Lluís Mas-Manchón, Universitat Pompeu Fabra

Es profesor en el Departamento de Comunicación de la Universidad Pompeu Fabra (Barcelona). Sus principales intereses de investigación son las estrategias de branding, la publicidad y la comunicación estratégica en medios digitales. Lluís Mas ha publicado artículos en revistas internacionales como Journal of Product and Brand Management, American Behavioral Scientist o Corporate Reputation Review. Obtuvo una beca para ser profesor visitante en la Texas Tech University (2017) y recientemente ha editado el libro Innovation in Advertising and Branding Communication (2020, Routledge).

Toni Aira, UPF Barcelona School of Management

Periodista, doctor en comunicación por la Universitat Ramon Llull. Director y profesor del Máster en Comunicación Política e Institucional de la UPF Barcelona School of Management (UPFBSM) y Director de la Cátedra Agbar de estudios internacionales en comunicación institucional para el desarrollo y crecimiento sostenible, de la UPF-BSM. Profesor asociado en los Grados de Comunicación y de Ciencias Políticas y de la Administración en la Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF). Miembro del Grupo de Investigación en Comunicación Política, Periodismo y Democracia (POLCOM-GRP).

Citas

Abuín-Vences, N. & García-Rosales, D. F. (2020). Elecciones generales de 2019 en Twitter: eficacia de las estrategias comunicativas y debates televisados como motor del discurso social (2019 general elections on Twitter: effectiveness of communicative strategies and televised debates as an engine of social discourse). El profesional de la información, 29(2), e290213. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.mar.13

Allcott, H. & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211–236. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211

Arcila Calderón, C., Van Atteveldt, W., & Trilling, D. (2021). Dossier Métodos Computacionales y Big Data en la Investigación en Comunicación (Special Issue Computational Methods and Big Data in Communication Research). Cuadernos.info, (49), I-IV. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.49.35333

Atton, C. (2006). Far-right media on the Internet: culture, discourse and power. New Media & Society, 8(4), 573–587. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444806065653

Berger, J. M. (2018). The alt-right Twitter census. Defining and Describing the Audience for AltRight Content on Twitter. A Vox Pol Report. https://www.voxpol.eu/download/vox-pol_publication/AltRightTwitterCensus.pdf

Azaouzi, M., Rhouma, D., & Ben Romdhane, L. (2019). Community detection in large-scale social networks: state-of-the-art and future directions. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 9(23). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-019-0566-x

Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L. (2015). Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science, 348(6239), 1130-1132. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1160

Barberá, P., Jost, J. T., Nagler, J., Tucker, J. A., & Bonneau, R. (2015). Tweeting From Left to Right: Is Online Political Communication More Than an Echo Chamber? Psychological Science, 26(10), 1531–1542. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615594620

Bessi, A., Zollo, F., Del Vicario, M., Puliga, M., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., Uzzi, B., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2016). Users polarization on Facebook and YouTube. PLoS ONE, 11(8), e0159641. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159641

Boutet, A., Kim, H., & Yoneki, E. (2012). What’s in Twitter: I Know What Parties are Popular and Who You Are Supporting Now! In 2012 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (pp. 132-139). https://doi.org/10.1109/ASONAM.2012.32

Boxell, L., Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. M. (2017). Greater Internet use is not associated with faster growth in political polarization among US demographic groups. PNAS, 114(40), 10612-10617. https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1706588114

Bracciale, R. & Martella, A. (2017). Define the populist political communication style: the case of Italian political leaders on Twitter. Information Communication and Society, 20(9), 1310-1329. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1328522

Bruns, A. (2019a). After the ‘APIcalypse’: social media platforms and their fight against critical scholarly research. Information Communication and Society, 22(11), 1544-1566. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1637447

Bruns, A. (2019b). Are Filter Bubbles Real? (Digital Futures Series). Polity.

Caiani, M. & Kröll, P. (2015). The transnationalization of the extreme right and the use of the Internet. International. Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 39(4), 331-351. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2014.973050

Caiani, M. & Wagemann, C. (2009). Online networks of the Italian and German extreme right. Information Communication & Society, 12(1), 66-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180802158482

Caiani, M. & Parenti, L. (2013). European and American Extreme Right Groups and the Internet. Ashgate Publishing Limited.

Castro Martínez, A. & Días Morilla, P. (2021). La comunicación política de la derecha radical en redes sociales. De Instagram a TikTok y Gab, la estrategia digital de Vox (The political communication of the right-wing radicals on social networks. From Instagram to TikTok and Gab, Vox’s digital strategy). Dígitos. Revista de Comunicación Digital, (7), 67-89. https://doi.org/10.7203/rd.v1i7.210

CIS. (2019). Barómetro de noviembre 2019. Estudio nº 3267 (Barometer of November 2019. Study nº 3267). http://www.cis.es/cis/export/sites/default/-Archivos/Marginales/3260_3279/3267/es3267mar.pdf

Conover, M., Ratkiewicz, J., Francisco, M., Gonçalves, B., Flammini, A., & Menczer, F. (2011). Political polarization on Twitter. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Webl and Social Media, 5(1), 89-96. https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/14126

Crosset, V., Tanner, S., & Campana, A. (2019). Researching far right groups on Twitter: Methodological challenges 2.0. New Media & Society, 21(4), 939-961. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818817306

Daniels, J. (2018). The algorithmic rise of the ‘alt-right’. Contexts, 17(1), 60-65. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536504218766547

Del Vicario, M., Bessi, A., Zollo, F., Petroni, F., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., Stanley, H. E., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2016). The spreading of misinformation online. PNAS, 113(3), 554-559. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1517441113

Engesser, S., Ernst, N., Esser, F., & Büchel, F. (2017a). Populism and social media: how politicians spread a fragmented ideology. Information, Communication & Society, 20(8), 1109-1126. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1207697

Engesser, S., Ernst, N., Esser, F., & Büchel, F. (2017b). Extreme parties and populism: an analysis of Facebook and Twitter across six countries. Information, Communication & Society, 20(9), 1347-1364. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1329333

Faris, R. M., Roberts, H., Etling, B., Bourassa, N., Zuckerman, E., & Benkler, Y. (2017). Partisanship, propaganda, and disinformation: Online Media and the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election. Berkman Klein Center for Internet. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33759251

Ferreira, C. (2019). Vox como representante de la derecha radical en España: un estudio sobre su ideología (Vox as a representative of the radical right in Spain: a study of its ideology). Revista Española de Ciencia Política, (51), 73-98. https://doi.org/10.21308/recp.51.03

Fortunato, S. (2010). Community detection in graphs. Physics Reports, 486(3-5), 75–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2009.11.002

Froio, C. & Ganesh, B. (2019). The transnationalisation of far right discourse on Twitter. Issues and actors that cross borders in Western European democracies. European Societies, 21(4), 513-539. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2018.1494295

Golder, M. (2016). Far Right Parties in Europe. Annual Review of Political Science, 19(1), 477-497. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-042814-012441

Gómez-Domínguez, P., Besalú-Casademont, R., & Guerrero-Solé, F. (2016). Social metamedia and public service: The debate in Twitter for television programs on the BBC, RTVE, and CCMA. El profesional de la información, 25(3), 384-394. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2016.may.08

Guerrero-Solé, F. (2017). Community detection in political discussions on Twitter. An application of the Retweet Overlap Network method to the Catalan process towards independence. Social Science Computer Review, 35(2), 244-261. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439315617254

Guerrero-Solé, F. (2018). Interactive Behavior in Political Discussions on Twitter: Politicians, Media, and Citizens’ Patterns of Interaction in the 2015 and 2016 Electoral Campaigns in Spain. Social Media + Society, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118808776

Guerrero-Solé, F., Corominas-Murtra, B., & Lopez-Gonzalez, H. (2014). Pacts with Twitter. Predicting voters’ indecision and preferences for coalitions in multiparty systems. Information, Communication & Society, 17(10), 1280–1297. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2014.920040

Guerrero-Solé, F. & López-González, H. (2019). Government Formation and Political Discussions in Twitter. An Extended Model for Quantifying Political Distances in Multiparty Democracies. Social Science Computer Review, 37(1), 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439317744163

Guerrero-Solé, F. & Philippe, O. (2020). La toxicidad de la política española en Twitter durante la pandemia de la COVID-19. Hipertext.net, 21, 133-139. https://doi.org/10.31009/hipertext.net.2020.i21.12

Guerrero-Solé, F., Suárez-Gonzalo, S., Rovira, C., & Codina, L. (2020). Social media, context collapse and the future of data-driven populism. Profesional de la información, 29(5), e290506. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.sep.06

Hanna, A., Wells, C., Maurer, P., Friedland, L., Shah, D., & Matthes, J. (2013). Partisan alignments and political polarization online: A computational approach to understanding the french and US presidential elections. In PLEAD '13: Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on Politics, elections and data (pp. 15–22). https://doi.org/10.1145/2508436.2508438

Hedgecoe, G. (2019, November 11). Spanish elections: How the far-right Vox party found its footing. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46422036

Ikenberry, G. J. (2018). The end of liberal international order? International Affairs, 94(1), 7–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iix241

Jones, S. (2019, April 14). Far-right Vox party set for breakthrough in Spanish elections. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/14/spain-vox-party-oncourse-to-break-into-mainstream-politics

Jungherr, A. (2014). Twitter in politics: A comprehensive literature review. SSRN, 2865150. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2402443

Klinger, U. & Svensson, J. (2015). The emergence of network media logic in political communication: A theoretical approach. New Media and Society, 17(8), 1241-1257. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461444814522952

Marín-Dueñas, P. P., Simancas-González, E., & Berzosa-Moreno, A. (2019). Uso e influencia de Twitter en la comunicación política: el caso del Partido Popular y Podemos en las elecciones generales de 2016 (Twitter and political communication: the case of the Partido Popular and Podemos in the 2016 general elections). Cuadernos.info, (45), 129-144. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.45.159

Mas Manchón, L. & Guerrero-Solé, F. (2019). The use of hashtags as a political branding strategy. Revista Internacional de Relaciones Públicas, 9(17), 5-24. https://doi.org/10.5783/RIRP-17-2019-02-05-24

McSwiney, J. (2020). Social networks and digital organisation: far right parties at the 2019 Australian federal election. Information, Communication & Society, 24(10), 1401-1418. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1757132

Minder, R. (2019, November 10). Spain’s Far Right Gains in Election. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/10/world/europe/spain-election.html

Moreno, E. (2021). Los servicios de mensajería instantánea se consolidan para leer, ver, encontrar, compartir o comentar noticias. https://www.digitalnewsreport.es/2021/los-servicios-de-mensajeria-instantanea-se-consolidan-para-leer-ver-encontrarcompartir-o-comentar-noticias/

Mudde, C. (2004). The Populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition. An International Journal of Comparative Politics, 39(4), 542-563. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x

Norris, P. (2005). Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511615955

Pariser, E. (2011). The Filter Bubble. What the Internet Is Hiding from You. Penguin.

Pérez Curiel, C. (2020). Trend towards extreme right-wing populism on Twitter. An analysis of the influence on leaders, media and users. Communication & Society, 33(2), 175-192. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.33.2.175-192

Pierri, F., Artoni, A., & Ceri, S. (2020). Investigating Italian disinformation spreading on Twitter in the context of 2019 European elections. PLoS ONE 15(1), e0227821. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227821

Raghavan, U. N., Albert, R., & Kumara, S. (2007). Near linear time algorithm to detect community structures in large-scale networks. Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics, 76(3), [036106]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.76.036106

Rinken, S. (2019). Actitudes ante la inmigración y comportamiento electoral en España (Attitudes towards immigration and electoral behavior in Spain). In Anuario CIDOB de la Inmigración (pp. 68-84). https://doi.org/10.24241/AnuarioCIDOBInmi.2019.68

Rivas-de-Roca, R., García-Gordillo, M., & Bezunartea-Valencia, O. (2020). The far-right’s influence on Twitter during the 2018 Andalusian elections: an approach through political leaders. Communication & Society, 33(2), 227-242. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.33.2.227-242

Rooduijn, M. (2014). The mesmerizing message: The diffusion of populism in public debates in western European media. Political Studies, 62(4), 726-744. https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9248.12074

Smith, M. A., Rainie, L., Shneiderman, B., & Himelboim, I. (2014). Mapping Twitter topic networks: From polarized crowds to community clusters. The Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2014/02/20/mapping-twitter-topic-networksfrom-polarized-crowds-to-community-clusters/

Suiter, J., Culloty, E., Greene, D., & Siapera, E. (2018). Hybrid media and populist currents in Ireland’s 2016 General Election. European Journal of Communication, 33(4), 396-412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118775297

Sunstein, C. R. (2001). Echo chambers: Bush v. Gore, impeachment, and beyond. Princeton University Press.

Sunstein, C. R. (2009). Republic.com. Princeton University Press.

Sunstein, C. R. (2017). #Republic: Divided Democracy in the Age of Social Media. Princeton University Press.

Taggart, P. (2000). Populism. Open University Press.

Tucker, J., A., Theocharis, Y., Roberts, M. E., & Barberá, P. (2017). From liberation to turmoil: social media and democracy. Journal of democracy, 28(4), 46-59. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/671987

Tumasjan, A., Sprenger, T. O., Sandner, P. G., & Welpe, I. (2010). Predicting elections with Twitter: What 140 characters reveal about political sentiment. In Proceedings of the Fourth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (pp. 178-185). https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM10/paper/viewFile/1441/1852

Turnbull-Dugarte, S. J. (2019). Explaining the end of Spanish exceptionalism and electoral support for Vox. Research and Politics, 6(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168019851680

Vampa, D. (2020). Competing forms of populism and territorial politics: the cases of Vox and Podemos in Spain. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 28(3), 304-321. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2020.1727866

von Beyme, K. (1988). Right-Wing Extremism in Post-War Europe. West European Politics, 11(2), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402388808424678

Xie, J. & Szymanski, B. K. (2011). Community detection using a neighborhood strength driven label propagation algorithm. In 2011 IEEE Network Science Workshop (pp. 188–197). https://doi.org/10.1109/NSW.2011.6004645

Wojcieszak, M. & Mutz, D. C. (2009). Online groups and political discourse: Do online discussion spaces facilitate exposure to political disagreement? Journal of Communication, 59(1), 40–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01403.x