La prensa brasileña y las elecciones presidenciales: la polarización del contenido periodístico de las revistas en la web
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.42.1225Palabras clave:
medios, política, cobertura electoral, elecciones presidenciales, BrasilResumen
El artículo compara la forma en que dos revistas brasileñas, Veja y CartaCapital, cubrieron los principales candidatos a la presidencia del país en sus medios web en las elecciones de 2014. El corpus está compuesto de 4703 textos, publicados durante el período de campaña, a los que se les aplicó un análisis de contenido. Los resultados muestran que hay más similitudes que diferencias en la cobertura de ambas revistas. Sin embargo, la principal diferencia es que ambas revistas trataron de forma distinta en sus publicaciones a los candidatos Aécio Neves y Dilma Rousseff según su interés, lo que refleja la polarización de la campaña electoral y las diferencias ideológicas de ambas revistas.
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Alonso, S., Volkens, A., & Gómez, B. (2012). Análisis de contenido de textos políticos. Um enfoque cuantitativo (Vol.47) [Content analysis of political texts. A cuantitative approach (Vol.47)]. Madrid: CIS.
Atteveldt, W. & Kleinnijenhuis, J. P. (2008). Semantic networks and political authority using syntactic analysis to extract semantic relations from Dutch newspapers articles. Political Analysis, 16(4), 428-446. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpn006
Azevedo, F. A. (2006). Democracia e Mídia no Brasil: Um balanço dos anos recentes [Democracy and Media in Brazil: A balance of recent years]. In J. A. Goulart (Ed.), Mídia e Democracia [Democracy and Media] (pp. 23-46). São Paulo: Annablume.
Bauer, M. (2013). Análise de Conteúdo clássica: uma revisão [Classical Content Analysis: a Review]. In M. Bauer & G. Gaskell (Orgs), Pesquisa qualitativa com texto, imagem e som: Um Manuel prático, 11ª Ed. [Qualitative Researching with Text, Image and Sound: A Practical Handbook for Social Research, 11th Ed.] (pp. 189-217). Petrópolis: Vozes.
Belmonte, W. B. (2011). A cobertura da eleição presidencial de 2010 pela revista Veja [The coverage of the 2010 presidential election by Veja magazine] (Master’s thesis, Cásper Líbero, São Paulo, Brazil). Retrieved from https://casperlibero.edu.br/mestrado/dissertacoes/a-cobertura-da-eleicaopresidencial-de-2010-pela-revista-veja/
Brogio, T. M. (2011). Marketing político e a reeleição de Fernando Henrique Cardoso: um estudo sobre a comunicação durante a campanha nas páginas da revista Veja em 1998 [Political marketing and Fernando Henrique Cardoso reelection: a study on communication during his campaign on Veja Magazine pages in 1998] (Master’s thesis, UMESP, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil). Retrieved from http://tede.metodista.br/jspui/handle/tede/935
Chaia, V. L. M. & Brugnago, F. (2014). A nova polarização política nas eleições de 2014 [The new political polarization in the 2014 elections]. Aurora. Revista de Arte, Mídia e Política, 7(21), 99-129. Retrieved from https://revistas.pucsp.br/index.php/aurora/article/view/22032
Carta, Mino (2014, July 04). Por que escolhemos Dilma Rousseff [Why we choose Dilma Rousseff]. CartaCapital. Retrieved from https://www.cartacapital.com.br/revista/807/por-que-escolhemos-dilma-rousseff-131.html
Carvalho, F. C. (2011). Observatório de Mídia: As eleições presidenciais de 2010 nas capas das revistas semanais [Media Observatory: The coverage of presidential elections of the weekly magazines in 2010] (Graduate’s thesis, State University of Londrina, Brazil).
Cervi, E. U. (2014). Eleições Casadas, Votos Solteiros e PT em Namoro Eleitoral com PSDB: Uma descrição da Tendência de Polarização das Eleições Presidenciais entre 1994 e 2014 [Married Elections, Single Votes and PT in Electoral Dating with PSDB: A description of the Polarization Tendency of Presidential Elections between 1994 and 2014]. Em Debate, 6(6), 25-46. Retrieved from http://opiniaopublica.ufmg.br/site/files/edicao/0-Outubro-14-Edicao-completa.pdf
Cook, T. E. (2011). O Jornalismo Político [The Political Journalism]. Revista Brasileira de Ciência Política, (6), 203-247. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-3522011000200009
Cunha, J. V. (2010). Mídia e marketing político: a campanha eleitoral de Fernando Henrique Cardoso para presidente, nas páginas da revista Veja em 1994 [Media and political marketing: the election campaign of Fernando Henrique Cardoso for president, in the pages of Veja magazine in 1994] (Master’s thesis, UMESP, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil). Retrieved from http://tede.metodista.br/jspui/handle/tede/915
Díaz, M. & Mellado, C. (2017). Agenda y uso de fuentes en los titulares y noticias centrales de los medios informativos chilenos. Un estudio de la prensa impresa, online, radio y televisión [Agenda and use of sources in headlines and lead stories in Chilean media. A study of the press, online, radio and television news]. Cuadernos.info, (40), 107-121. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.40.1106
Echeverría, M. (2017). Personalización política e infoentretenimiento periodístico. Un estudio desde los encuadres [Political personalization and journalistic infotainment. A frame analysis]. Cuadernos.info, (41), 71-87. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.41.1099
Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Towards Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
García-Perdomo, V. (2017). Entre paz y odio: Encuadres de la elección presidencial colombiana de 2014 en Twitter [Between peace and hate: Framing the 2014 Colombian presidential election on Twitter]. Cuadernos.info, (41), 57-70. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.41.1241
Gomes, I. (2007). As três imagens de Lula: Os posicionamentos das revistas CartaCapital, Primeira Leitura e Veja nas eleições para presidente em 2002 [The three images of LULA The positions of the magazines Carta Capital, Primeira Leitura and Veja in the elections for the president in 2002] (Master’s thesis, Methodist University of São Paulo, Brazil). Retrieved from http://tede.metodista.br/jspui/handle/tede/790
Gomes, W. (2011). Transformações da política na era de comunicação de massa [Transformations of politics in the age of mass communication]. São Paulo, Brazil: Paulus.
Grimmer, J. & Stewart, B. M. (2013). Text as data: the promise and pitfalls of automatic content analysis methods for political texts. Political Analysis, 21(3), 267-297. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mps028
Hak, A. & Bernts, A. P. J. (1996). Coder training: Theoretical Training or Practical Socialization? Qualitative Sociology, 19(2), 235–257. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02393420
Hopkins, D. J. & King, G. A. (2010). Method of automated nonparametric content analysis for social Science. American Journal of Political Science, 54(1), 229-247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00428.x
Klebanov, B., Diermeier, D., & Beigman, E. (2008). Lexical cohesion analysis of political speech. Political Analysis, 16(4), 447-463. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpn007
Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: an introduction to its methodology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Lima, V. A. (2001). Mídia, Teoria e Política [Media, Theory and Politics]. São Paulo: Fundação Perseu Abramo.
Lima, V. A. (2006). Mídia: Crise política e poder no Brasil [Media: Political crisis and power in Brazil]. São Paulo: Fundação Perseu Abramo.
Lombard, M., Snyder Duch, J., & Bracken, C. (2002). Content analysis in mass communication: Assessment and reporting of intercoder reliability. Human communication research, 28(4), 587-604. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00826.x
Macnamara, J. R. (2005). Media content analysis: Its uses, benefits and best practice methodology. Asia-Pacific Public Relations Journal, 6(1), 1–34. Retrieved from https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=200705762;res=IELAPA
Malini, F. (2007). A opinião pública distribuída: blogs e jornalismo nas Eleições Brasileiras de 2006 [The distributed public opinion: blogs and journalism in the Brazilian Elections of 2006]. E-compós, 9(1), 1-21. Retrieved from http://www.compos.org.br/seer/index.php/e-compos/article/viewArticle/181
Manin, B. (1995). As metamorfoses do governo representativo [The metamorphoses of representative government]. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, 10(29), 5-34. Retrieved from http://www.anpocs.org.br/portal/publicacoes/rbcs_00_29/rbcs29_01.htm
Monroe, B. L., Colaresi, M. P., & Quinn, K. M. (2008). Fightin´words: lexical feature selection and evaluation for identifying the content of political conflicto. Political Analysis, 16(4), 372-403. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpn018
Nascimento, A. R. A. & Menandro, P. R. M. (2006). Análise lexical e análise de conteúdo: uma proposta de utilização conjugada. Estudos e Pesquisas em Psicologia, 6(2), 72-88. Retrieved from http://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/index.php/revispsi/article/view/11028/8731
Neves, F. (2009). Telejornalismo e Poder nas Eleições Presidenciais [Telejournalism and Power in Presidential Elections]. São Paulo: Summus Editorial.
Neuendorf, K. (2016). The content analysis guidebook. Sage.
Perrin, A. J. & Macfarland, K. (2011). Social Theory and Public Opinion. Annual Review of Sociology, 37, 87-107. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102659
Porto, M. (2004). Enquadramento da Mídia e Política [Media and Policy Framework]. In A.A.C. Rubim (Ed.), Comunicação e política [Communication and politics] (pp. 73-104). Salvador/São Paulo: Edufba/Unesp.
Riffe, D., Lacy, S., & Fico, F. (2014). Analyzing media messages: using quantitative content analysis in research. New York: Routledge.
Rubim, A. A. C. (2007). Ética da política e ética na política nas eleições de 2006 [Ethics of politics and ethics in politics in the 2006 elections]. In V. A. Lima (Ed), A Mídia nas Eleições de 2006 [The Media in the 2006 elections] (pp. 159-169). São Paulo: Fundação Perseu Abramo.
Sádaba Garraza, T., Rodríguez, J., & Bartolome, M. (2007). Propuesta de sistematización de la teoría del framing para el estudio y praxis de la comunicación política [Proposal for the systematization of framing theory for the study and practice of political communication]. Observatorio (OBS), 6(2), 109-126. Retrieved from http://obs.obercom.pt/index.php/obs/article/view/540
Semetko, H. A. & Valkenburg, P. M. (2000). Framing European politics: A content analysis of press and television news. Journal of communication, 50(2), 93–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02843.x
Silva, J. C. R. (2011). Época, Veja e o (E)leitor: Estratégias discursivas na construção da imagem de presidenciáveis [Época, Veja and the voter: Discursive strategies in building the presidential image] (Doctoral Thesis, University of Brasília, Brazil). Retrieved from http://www.repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/10124
Strömbäck, J. & Van Aelst, P. (2010). Exploring some antecedents of the media’s framing of election news: A comparison of Swedish and Belgian election news. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 15(1), 41-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161209351004
Takens, J., Van Atteveldt, W., van Hoof, A., & Kleinnijenhuis, J. (2013). Media logic in election campaign coverage. European Journal of Communication, 28(3), 277-293. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323113478522
Atteveldt, W. & Kleinnijenhuis, J. P. (2008). Semantic networks and political authority using syntactic analysis to extract semantic relations from Dutch newspapers articles. Political Analysis, 16(4), 428-446. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpn006
Azevedo, F. A. (2006). Democracia e Mídia no Brasil: Um balanço dos anos recentes [Democracy and Media in Brazil: A balance of recent years]. In J. A. Goulart (Ed.), Mídia e Democracia [Democracy and Media] (pp. 23-46). São Paulo: Annablume.
Bauer, M. (2013). Análise de Conteúdo clássica: uma revisão [Classical Content Analysis: a Review]. In M. Bauer & G. Gaskell (Orgs), Pesquisa qualitativa com texto, imagem e som: Um Manuel prático, 11ª Ed. [Qualitative Researching with Text, Image and Sound: A Practical Handbook for Social Research, 11th Ed.] (pp. 189-217). Petrópolis: Vozes.
Belmonte, W. B. (2011). A cobertura da eleição presidencial de 2010 pela revista Veja [The coverage of the 2010 presidential election by Veja magazine] (Master’s thesis, Cásper Líbero, São Paulo, Brazil). Retrieved from https://casperlibero.edu.br/mestrado/dissertacoes/a-cobertura-da-eleicaopresidencial-de-2010-pela-revista-veja/
Brogio, T. M. (2011). Marketing político e a reeleição de Fernando Henrique Cardoso: um estudo sobre a comunicação durante a campanha nas páginas da revista Veja em 1998 [Political marketing and Fernando Henrique Cardoso reelection: a study on communication during his campaign on Veja Magazine pages in 1998] (Master’s thesis, UMESP, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil). Retrieved from http://tede.metodista.br/jspui/handle/tede/935
Chaia, V. L. M. & Brugnago, F. (2014). A nova polarização política nas eleições de 2014 [The new political polarization in the 2014 elections]. Aurora. Revista de Arte, Mídia e Política, 7(21), 99-129. Retrieved from https://revistas.pucsp.br/index.php/aurora/article/view/22032
Carta, Mino (2014, July 04). Por que escolhemos Dilma Rousseff [Why we choose Dilma Rousseff]. CartaCapital. Retrieved from https://www.cartacapital.com.br/revista/807/por-que-escolhemos-dilma-rousseff-131.html
Carvalho, F. C. (2011). Observatório de Mídia: As eleições presidenciais de 2010 nas capas das revistas semanais [Media Observatory: The coverage of presidential elections of the weekly magazines in 2010] (Graduate’s thesis, State University of Londrina, Brazil).
Cervi, E. U. (2014). Eleições Casadas, Votos Solteiros e PT em Namoro Eleitoral com PSDB: Uma descrição da Tendência de Polarização das Eleições Presidenciais entre 1994 e 2014 [Married Elections, Single Votes and PT in Electoral Dating with PSDB: A description of the Polarization Tendency of Presidential Elections between 1994 and 2014]. Em Debate, 6(6), 25-46. Retrieved from http://opiniaopublica.ufmg.br/site/files/edicao/0-Outubro-14-Edicao-completa.pdf
Cook, T. E. (2011). O Jornalismo Político [The Political Journalism]. Revista Brasileira de Ciência Política, (6), 203-247. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-3522011000200009
Cunha, J. V. (2010). Mídia e marketing político: a campanha eleitoral de Fernando Henrique Cardoso para presidente, nas páginas da revista Veja em 1994 [Media and political marketing: the election campaign of Fernando Henrique Cardoso for president, in the pages of Veja magazine in 1994] (Master’s thesis, UMESP, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil). Retrieved from http://tede.metodista.br/jspui/handle/tede/915
Díaz, M. & Mellado, C. (2017). Agenda y uso de fuentes en los titulares y noticias centrales de los medios informativos chilenos. Un estudio de la prensa impresa, online, radio y televisión [Agenda and use of sources in headlines and lead stories in Chilean media. A study of the press, online, radio and television news]. Cuadernos.info, (40), 107-121. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.40.1106
Echeverría, M. (2017). Personalización política e infoentretenimiento periodístico. Un estudio desde los encuadres [Political personalization and journalistic infotainment. A frame analysis]. Cuadernos.info, (41), 71-87. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.41.1099
Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Towards Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
García-Perdomo, V. (2017). Entre paz y odio: Encuadres de la elección presidencial colombiana de 2014 en Twitter [Between peace and hate: Framing the 2014 Colombian presidential election on Twitter]. Cuadernos.info, (41), 57-70. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.41.1241
Gomes, I. (2007). As três imagens de Lula: Os posicionamentos das revistas CartaCapital, Primeira Leitura e Veja nas eleições para presidente em 2002 [The three images of LULA The positions of the magazines Carta Capital, Primeira Leitura and Veja in the elections for the president in 2002] (Master’s thesis, Methodist University of São Paulo, Brazil). Retrieved from http://tede.metodista.br/jspui/handle/tede/790
Gomes, W. (2011). Transformações da política na era de comunicação de massa [Transformations of politics in the age of mass communication]. São Paulo, Brazil: Paulus.
Grimmer, J. & Stewart, B. M. (2013). Text as data: the promise and pitfalls of automatic content analysis methods for political texts. Political Analysis, 21(3), 267-297. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mps028
Hak, A. & Bernts, A. P. J. (1996). Coder training: Theoretical Training or Practical Socialization? Qualitative Sociology, 19(2), 235–257. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02393420
Hopkins, D. J. & King, G. A. (2010). Method of automated nonparametric content analysis for social Science. American Journal of Political Science, 54(1), 229-247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00428.x
Klebanov, B., Diermeier, D., & Beigman, E. (2008). Lexical cohesion analysis of political speech. Political Analysis, 16(4), 447-463. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpn007
Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: an introduction to its methodology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Lima, V. A. (2001). Mídia, Teoria e Política [Media, Theory and Politics]. São Paulo: Fundação Perseu Abramo.
Lima, V. A. (2006). Mídia: Crise política e poder no Brasil [Media: Political crisis and power in Brazil]. São Paulo: Fundação Perseu Abramo.
Lombard, M., Snyder Duch, J., & Bracken, C. (2002). Content analysis in mass communication: Assessment and reporting of intercoder reliability. Human communication research, 28(4), 587-604. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00826.x
Macnamara, J. R. (2005). Media content analysis: Its uses, benefits and best practice methodology. Asia-Pacific Public Relations Journal, 6(1), 1–34. Retrieved from https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=200705762;res=IELAPA
Malini, F. (2007). A opinião pública distribuída: blogs e jornalismo nas Eleições Brasileiras de 2006 [The distributed public opinion: blogs and journalism in the Brazilian Elections of 2006]. E-compós, 9(1), 1-21. Retrieved from http://www.compos.org.br/seer/index.php/e-compos/article/viewArticle/181
Manin, B. (1995). As metamorfoses do governo representativo [The metamorphoses of representative government]. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, 10(29), 5-34. Retrieved from http://www.anpocs.org.br/portal/publicacoes/rbcs_00_29/rbcs29_01.htm
Monroe, B. L., Colaresi, M. P., & Quinn, K. M. (2008). Fightin´words: lexical feature selection and evaluation for identifying the content of political conflicto. Political Analysis, 16(4), 372-403. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpn018
Nascimento, A. R. A. & Menandro, P. R. M. (2006). Análise lexical e análise de conteúdo: uma proposta de utilização conjugada. Estudos e Pesquisas em Psicologia, 6(2), 72-88. Retrieved from http://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/index.php/revispsi/article/view/11028/8731
Neves, F. (2009). Telejornalismo e Poder nas Eleições Presidenciais [Telejournalism and Power in Presidential Elections]. São Paulo: Summus Editorial.
Neuendorf, K. (2016). The content analysis guidebook. Sage.
Perrin, A. J. & Macfarland, K. (2011). Social Theory and Public Opinion. Annual Review of Sociology, 37, 87-107. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102659
Porto, M. (2004). Enquadramento da Mídia e Política [Media and Policy Framework]. In A.A.C. Rubim (Ed.), Comunicação e política [Communication and politics] (pp. 73-104). Salvador/São Paulo: Edufba/Unesp.
Riffe, D., Lacy, S., & Fico, F. (2014). Analyzing media messages: using quantitative content analysis in research. New York: Routledge.
Rubim, A. A. C. (2007). Ética da política e ética na política nas eleições de 2006 [Ethics of politics and ethics in politics in the 2006 elections]. In V. A. Lima (Ed), A Mídia nas Eleições de 2006 [The Media in the 2006 elections] (pp. 159-169). São Paulo: Fundação Perseu Abramo.
Sádaba Garraza, T., Rodríguez, J., & Bartolome, M. (2007). Propuesta de sistematización de la teoría del framing para el estudio y praxis de la comunicación política [Proposal for the systematization of framing theory for the study and practice of political communication]. Observatorio (OBS), 6(2), 109-126. Retrieved from http://obs.obercom.pt/index.php/obs/article/view/540
Semetko, H. A. & Valkenburg, P. M. (2000). Framing European politics: A content analysis of press and television news. Journal of communication, 50(2), 93–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02843.x
Silva, J. C. R. (2011). Época, Veja e o (E)leitor: Estratégias discursivas na construção da imagem de presidenciáveis [Época, Veja and the voter: Discursive strategies in building the presidential image] (Doctoral Thesis, University of Brasília, Brazil). Retrieved from http://www.repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/10124
Strömbäck, J. & Van Aelst, P. (2010). Exploring some antecedents of the media’s framing of election news: A comparison of Swedish and Belgian election news. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 15(1), 41-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161209351004
Takens, J., Van Atteveldt, W., van Hoof, A., & Kleinnijenhuis, J. (2013). Media logic in election campaign coverage. European Journal of Communication, 28(3), 277-293. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323113478522
Descargas
Publicado
2018-06-30
Cómo citar
Cavassana, F., & Cervi, E. (2018). La prensa brasileña y las elecciones presidenciales: la polarización del contenido periodístico de las revistas en la web. Cuadernos.Info, (42), 163–182. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.42.1225
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Sección
TEMAS GENERALES
