Desgastada pero aún efectiva: examinando los datos de audiencia de la franja electoral presidencial chilena (1999-2017)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.43.1223Palabras clave:
franja electoral presidencial, audiencia, televisión abierta, políticaResumen
La franja electoral presidencial se mantiene como una de las principales fuentes de información electoral en diversos países del mundo, aunque existe escasa investigación sobre su uso y efectividad. Este estudio examina los datos de audiencia de este espacio en Chile, evaluando su sintonía durante el período 1999-2017. Los resultados muestran que la franja electoral presidencial chilena logra niveles de audiencia que, aunque altos, disminuyen en en el tiempo (caída) y respecto de los años en los que este espacio no se emite. Los datos sugieren que esta baja es más fuerte entre los más jóvenes y con más recursos.
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Baines, P., Macdonald, E. K., Wilson, H., & Blades, F. (2011). Measuring communication channel experiences and their influence on voting in the 2010 British General Election. Journal of Marketing Management, 27(7-8), 691-717. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2011.587827
Barry, T. E. (1987). The development of the hierarchy of effects: An historical perspective. Current issues and Research in Advertising, 10(1-2), 251-295. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01633392.1987.10504921?journalCode=ujci19
Barwise, P. & Ehrenberg, A. (1988). Television and its Audience. London: Sage.
Belch, G. E. & Belch, M. A. (2004). Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Boomgaarden, H., Boukes, M., & Iorgoveanu, A. (2016). Image versus text: How newspaper reports affect evaluations of political candidates. International Journal of Communication, 10, 2529-2555. Retrieved from http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/4250
Buzeta, C. & Moyano, P. (2013). La medición de las audiencias de televisión en la era digital [The Television Audience Measurement in the Digital Age]. Cuadernos.info, (33), 53-62. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.33.503
Cannon, H. M., Leckenby, J. D., & Abernethy, A. (2002). Beyond Effective Frequency: Evaluating media schedules using frequency value planning. Journal of Advertising Research, 42(6), 33-46. https://doi.org/10.2501/JAR.42.6.33
CEP (2002, January). Encuesta Nacional de Opinión Pública [National survey of public opinion] [PowerPoint Presentation]. Retrieved from https://www.cepchile.cl/estudio-nacional-de-opinionpublica-diciembre-2001-enero-2002/cep/2016-03-04/092854.html
Consejo Nacional de Televisión (CNTV) (2017a). Franja Política y Debate: El Renovado Interés de las Audiencias [Presidential Electoral Broadcasting and Debate: The Renewed Interest of Audiences] [PowerPoint Presentation]. Retrieved from https://www.cntv.cl/cntv/site/artic/20171103/asocfile/20171103110251/franja_pol__tica_primarias_y_debate.pdf
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CNTV (2013). Composición y Evaluación de las Audiencias de la Franja Electoral 2013 [Composition and Evaluation of the Audiences of the Presidential Electoral Broadcasting 2013] [PowerPoint Presentation]. Retrieved from https://www.cntv.cl/cntv/site/artic/20131217/asocfile/20131217155755/franja_electoral_2013.pdf
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Eastman, S. T. & Otteson, J. L. (1994). Promotion increases ratings, doesn’t it? The impact of program promotion in the 1992 Olympics. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 38(3), 307-322. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838159409364267
Eberl, J. M., Boomgaarden, H. G., & Wagner, M. (2017). One bias fits all? Three types of media bias and their effects on party preferences. Communication Research, 44(8), 1125-1148. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650215614364
Erikson, R. S. & Tedin, K. L. (2015). American Public Opinion: Its Origins, Content and Impact. New York: Routledge.
Franklin, B. (1998). Tough on Soundbites, tough on the Causes of Soundbites: New Labour and News Management. London: Catalyst Trust.
Fulgoni, G. M. (2015). Is the GRP Really Dead In a Cross-Platform Ecosystem? Journal of Advertising Research, 55(4), 358-361. https://doi.org/10.2501/JAR-2015-019
Haselmayer, M., Wagner, M., & Meyer, T. M. (2017). Partisan bias in message selection: Media gatekeeping of party press releases. Political communication, 34(3), 367-384. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2016.1265619
IPSOS MORI (2001, June 1). General Election 2001: The Most Boring Election? Retrieved from www.ipsos.com
Julio, P. (2005). Los últimos cambios en el People Meter: Un rating cada vez más nacional y menos segmentado [The latest changes in People Meter: A more local and less segmented rating]. Cuadernos.info, (18), 112–121. Retrieved from http://cuadernos.info/index.php/CDI/article/view/151/827
Kantar IBOPE Media. (2018). MMW – Markdata Media Workstation (version 42.10.2012.16) [computer software].
Lopez-Escobar, E., Llamas, J. P., McCombs, M., & Lennon, F. R. (1998). Two levels of agenda setting among advertising and news in the 1995 Spanish elections. Political Communication, 15(2), 225-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609809342367
Matarrita, M. (2014). Franjas electorales: Una variable en la ecuación democrática [Electoral slots: a variable in the equation]. Revista de Derecho Electoral, (17), 43-64. Retrieved from http://www.tse.go.cr/revista/art/17/matarrita_arroyo.pdf
McCombs, M. (2004). Setting the Agenda: The Mass Media and Public Opinion. Cambridge, Cambridge: Polity Press.
McCombs, M. E. & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 176-187. https://doi.org/10.1086/267990
McCombs, M. & Valenzuela, S. (2007). The Agenda-Setting Theory. Cuadernos.info, (20), 44–50. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.20.111
Moke, M. (2006). Political advertising in Chile. In L. Lee Kaid & C. Holz-Bacha (Eds.), The Sage Book of Political Advertising (pp. 145-159). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Muehling, D. D. & McCann, M. (1993). Attitude toward the ad: A review. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 15(2), 25-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.1993.10505002
Napoli, P. M. (2011). Ratings and audience measurement. In V. Nightingale (Ed.), The Handbook of Media Audiences (pp. 286-301). Oxford: Wiley.
Navia, P. & Ulriksen, C. P. (2017). Tuiteo, luego voto. El efecto del consumo de medios de comunicación y uso de redes sociales en la participación electoral en Chile en 2009 y 2013 [I tweet, then I vote. The effect of media consumption and the use of social networks on electoral participation in Chile, 2009-2013]. Cuadernos.info, (40), 71-88. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.40.1049
Nelson, J. L. & Webster, J. G. (2016). Audience currencies in the age of big data. International Journal on Media Management, 18(1), 9-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/14241277.2016.1166430
Norris, P. (2000). A Virtuous Circle. Political Communications in Postindustrial Societies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Norris, P. (2006). Did the media matter? Agenda-setting, persuasion and mobilization effects in the British general election campaign. British Politics, 1(2), 195-221. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bp.4200022
OFCOM (2005). Viewers and voters: attitudes to television coverage of the 2005 general election. London: OFCOM.
Papí Gálvez, N. (2009). El plan de medios: principales respuestas a la eficacia publicitaria [The media plan: Main responses to the advertising efficacy]. Questiones Publicitarias, 1(14), 130–144. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/qp.102
Pattie, C. J. & Johnston, R. J. (2002). Assessing the Television Campaign: The Impact of Party Election Broadcasting on Voters’ Opinions in the 1997 British General Election. Political Communication, 19(3), 333-358. https://doi.org/10.1080/01957470290055538
Porath, W. (2009). La Publicidad Política en Televisión y la Agenda de los Medios: Las Elecciones Presidenciales de Chile 2005 [Political advertising on TV and the media agenda: The 2005 Chilean presidential election]. Paper presented at the XXI IPSA World Congress of Political Science, Santiago, Chile. Retrieved from http://paperroom.ipsa.org/papers/view/1651
Potts, R. & Seger, J. (2013). Validity of adults’ retrospective memory for early television viewing. Communication Methods and Measures, 7(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2012.760731
Reich, Z. (2016). Comparing News Reporting Across Print, Radio, Television and Online Still distinct manufacturing houses. Jounalism Studies, 17(5), 552–572. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2015.1006898
Roberts, M. & McCombs, M. (1994). Agenda setting and political advertising: Origins of the news agenda. Political Communicatin, 11(3), 249-262. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.1994.9963030
Rubin, A. M. (1984). Ritualized and instrumental television viewing. Journal of Communication, 34(3), 67-77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1984.tb02174.x
Ruiz-Tagle, P. (2011). Propiedad de los medios y principios de intervención del Estado para garantizar la libertad de expresión en Chile [Media ownership and principles of State intervention to ensure freedom of expression in Chile]. Revista de Derecho (Coquimbo), 18(2), 347-359. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-97532011000200012
Russo, A. P. L. H. (2017). Political Advertising in Chile: State of Play in a Period of Change. In C. Holtz-Bacha & M. Just (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Political Advertising (pp. 101-112). New York: Routledge.
Scammell, M. & Langer, A. I. (2006). Political Advertising in the United Kingdom. In L. Lee Kaid & C. Holtz-Bacha (2006), The Sage Handbook of Political Advertising (pp. 65-82). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Scullion, R. & Dermody, J. (2005). The value of party election broadcasts for electoral engagement: A content analysis of the 2001 British general election campaign. International Journal of Advertising, 24(3), 345-372. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2005.11072929
Semetko, H. A. & Valkenburg, P. M. (2000). Framing European politics: A content analysis of press and television news. Journal of communication, 50(2), 93-109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02843
Shoemaker, P. J. & Reese, S. D. (1996). Mediating the message. White Plains, NY: Longman.
Spenkuch, J. L. & Toniatti, D. (2018). Political Advertising and Election Results. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjy010
Stavitsky, A. G. (2000). By the numbers: The use of ratings data in Academic research. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44(3), 535-539. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4403_13
Stephens, D., Karp, J. A., & Hodgson, R. (2011). Party leaders as movers and shakers in British campaigns? Results from the 2010 election. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 21(2), 125-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2011.562613
Urcullo, L. & Moya, E. (2009). Control del financiamiento y gasto electoral en Chile [Monitoring of the electoral funding and spending in Chile]. Santiago, Chile: Andros.
Uribe, R., Hidalgo, P., Selman, E., & Albornoz, E. (2007). Las audiencias de la franja presidencial chilena [The Audiences of the Chilean Presidential Election Broadcasting]. Cuadernos.info, (21), 12-19. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.21.101
Valenzuela, S. (2014, December 2). Efectos de la reforma a la publicidad electoral [Effects of the electoral advertising reform]. Retrieved from http://www.t13.cl
Webster, J. G. (2008). Audience Research. In W. Donsbach (Ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Communication (Vol. 1) (pp. 257–261). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405186407
Webster, J., Phalen, P., & Lichty, L. (2013). Ratings analysis: Audience measurement and analytics. London: Routledge.
Altschull, J. H. (1995). Agents of power: The Media and Public Policy (2nd ed.). White Plains, NY: Langman.
Baeza, J. & Sandoval, M. (2009). Nuevas prácticas políticas en jóvenes de Chile: Conocimientos acumulados 2000-2008 [New political practices of Chilean youths: 2000-2008 accumulated knowledge]. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud, 7(2 esp.), 1379-1403. Retrieved from http://revistaumanizales.cinde.org.co/rlcsnj/index.php/Revista-Latinoamericana/article/view/161
Baines, P., Macdonald, E. K., Wilson, H., & Blades, F. (2011). Measuring communication channel experiences and their influence on voting in the 2010 British General Election. Journal of Marketing Management, 27(7-8), 691-717. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2011.587827
Barry, T. E. (1987). The development of the hierarchy of effects: An historical perspective. Current issues and Research in Advertising, 10(1-2), 251-295. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01633392.1987.10504921?journalCode=ujci19
Barwise, P. & Ehrenberg, A. (1988). Television and its Audience. London: Sage.
Belch, G. E. & Belch, M. A. (2004). Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Boomgaarden, H., Boukes, M., & Iorgoveanu, A. (2016). Image versus text: How newspaper reports affect evaluations of political candidates. International Journal of Communication, 10, 2529-2555. Retrieved from http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/4250
Buzeta, C. & Moyano, P. (2013). La medición de las audiencias de televisión en la era digital [The Television Audience Measurement in the Digital Age]. Cuadernos.info, (33), 53-62. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.33.503
Cannon, H. M., Leckenby, J. D., & Abernethy, A. (2002). Beyond Effective Frequency: Evaluating media schedules using frequency value planning. Journal of Advertising Research, 42(6), 33-46. https://doi.org/10.2501/JAR.42.6.33
CEP (2002, January). Encuesta Nacional de Opinión Pública [National survey of public opinion] [PowerPoint Presentation]. Retrieved from https://www.cepchile.cl/estudio-nacional-de-opinionpublica-diciembre-2001-enero-2002/cep/2016-03-04/092854.html
Consejo Nacional de Televisión (CNTV) (2017a). Franja Política y Debate: El Renovado Interés de las Audiencias [Presidential Electoral Broadcasting and Debate: The Renewed Interest of Audiences] [PowerPoint Presentation]. Retrieved from https://www.cntv.cl/cntv/site/artic/20171103/asocfile/20171103110251/franja_pol__tica_primarias_y_debate.pdf
CNTV (2017b). La Valoración de las Audiencias de la Franja Electoral [The Evaluation of the Audiences of the Presidential Electoral Broadcasting [PowerPoint Presentation]. Retrieved from https://www.cntv.cl/cntv/site/artic/20171213/asocfile/20171213164651/la_valoraci__n_de_las_audiencias_de_la_franja_electoral.pdf
CNTV (2013). Composición y Evaluación de las Audiencias de la Franja Electoral 2013 [Composition and Evaluation of the Audiences of the Presidential Electoral Broadcasting 2013] [PowerPoint Presentation]. Retrieved from https://www.cntv.cl/cntv/site/artic/20131217/asocfile/20131217155755/franja_electoral_2013.pdf
Comstock, G. & Scharrer, E. (1999). Television: What’s on, who’s watching, and what it means. New York: Academic Press.
Contreras-Aguirre, G. & Morales-Quiroga, M. (2014). Jóvenes y participación electoral en Chile 1989-2013. Analizando el efecto del voto voluntario [Young people and electoral participation in Chile 1989-2013. Analyzing the effect of the voluntary vote]. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud, 12(2), 597-615. Retrieved from http://revistaumanizales.cinde.org.co/rlcsnj/index.php/Revista-Latinoamericana/article/view/1359
D’Alessio, D. & Allen, M. (2000). Media bias in presidential elections: A meta‐analysis. Journal of Communication, 50(4), 133-156. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02866.x
Eastman, S. T. & Otteson, J. L. (1994). Promotion increases ratings, doesn’t it? The impact of program promotion in the 1992 Olympics. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 38(3), 307-322. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838159409364267
Eberl, J. M., Boomgaarden, H. G., & Wagner, M. (2017). One bias fits all? Three types of media bias and their effects on party preferences. Communication Research, 44(8), 1125-1148. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650215614364
Erikson, R. S. & Tedin, K. L. (2015). American Public Opinion: Its Origins, Content and Impact. New York: Routledge.
Franklin, B. (1998). Tough on Soundbites, tough on the Causes of Soundbites: New Labour and News Management. London: Catalyst Trust.
Fulgoni, G. M. (2015). Is the GRP Really Dead In a Cross-Platform Ecosystem? Journal of Advertising Research, 55(4), 358-361. https://doi.org/10.2501/JAR-2015-019
Haselmayer, M., Wagner, M., & Meyer, T. M. (2017). Partisan bias in message selection: Media gatekeeping of party press releases. Political communication, 34(3), 367-384. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2016.1265619
IPSOS MORI (2001, June 1). General Election 2001: The Most Boring Election? Retrieved from www.ipsos.com
Julio, P. (2005). Los últimos cambios en el People Meter: Un rating cada vez más nacional y menos segmentado [The latest changes in People Meter: A more local and less segmented rating]. Cuadernos.info, (18), 112–121. Retrieved from http://cuadernos.info/index.php/CDI/article/view/151/827
Kantar IBOPE Media. (2018). MMW – Markdata Media Workstation (version 42.10.2012.16) [computer software].
Lopez-Escobar, E., Llamas, J. P., McCombs, M., & Lennon, F. R. (1998). Two levels of agenda setting among advertising and news in the 1995 Spanish elections. Political Communication, 15(2), 225-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609809342367
Matarrita, M. (2014). Franjas electorales: Una variable en la ecuación democrática [Electoral slots: a variable in the equation]. Revista de Derecho Electoral, (17), 43-64. Retrieved from http://www.tse.go.cr/revista/art/17/matarrita_arroyo.pdf
McCombs, M. (2004). Setting the Agenda: The Mass Media and Public Opinion. Cambridge, Cambridge: Polity Press.
McCombs, M. E. & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 176-187. https://doi.org/10.1086/267990
McCombs, M. & Valenzuela, S. (2007). The Agenda-Setting Theory. Cuadernos.info, (20), 44–50. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.20.111
Moke, M. (2006). Political advertising in Chile. In L. Lee Kaid & C. Holz-Bacha (Eds.), The Sage Book of Political Advertising (pp. 145-159). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Muehling, D. D. & McCann, M. (1993). Attitude toward the ad: A review. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 15(2), 25-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.1993.10505002
Napoli, P. M. (2011). Ratings and audience measurement. In V. Nightingale (Ed.), The Handbook of Media Audiences (pp. 286-301). Oxford: Wiley.
Navia, P. & Ulriksen, C. P. (2017). Tuiteo, luego voto. El efecto del consumo de medios de comunicación y uso de redes sociales en la participación electoral en Chile en 2009 y 2013 [I tweet, then I vote. The effect of media consumption and the use of social networks on electoral participation in Chile, 2009-2013]. Cuadernos.info, (40), 71-88. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.40.1049
Nelson, J. L. & Webster, J. G. (2016). Audience currencies in the age of big data. International Journal on Media Management, 18(1), 9-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/14241277.2016.1166430
Norris, P. (2000). A Virtuous Circle. Political Communications in Postindustrial Societies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Norris, P. (2006). Did the media matter? Agenda-setting, persuasion and mobilization effects in the British general election campaign. British Politics, 1(2), 195-221. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bp.4200022
OFCOM (2005). Viewers and voters: attitudes to television coverage of the 2005 general election. London: OFCOM.
Papí Gálvez, N. (2009). El plan de medios: principales respuestas a la eficacia publicitaria [The media plan: Main responses to the advertising efficacy]. Questiones Publicitarias, 1(14), 130–144. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/qp.102
Pattie, C. J. & Johnston, R. J. (2002). Assessing the Television Campaign: The Impact of Party Election Broadcasting on Voters’ Opinions in the 1997 British General Election. Political Communication, 19(3), 333-358. https://doi.org/10.1080/01957470290055538
Porath, W. (2009). La Publicidad Política en Televisión y la Agenda de los Medios: Las Elecciones Presidenciales de Chile 2005 [Political advertising on TV and the media agenda: The 2005 Chilean presidential election]. Paper presented at the XXI IPSA World Congress of Political Science, Santiago, Chile. Retrieved from http://paperroom.ipsa.org/papers/view/1651
Potts, R. & Seger, J. (2013). Validity of adults’ retrospective memory for early television viewing. Communication Methods and Measures, 7(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2012.760731
Reich, Z. (2016). Comparing News Reporting Across Print, Radio, Television and Online Still distinct manufacturing houses. Jounalism Studies, 17(5), 552–572. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2015.1006898
Roberts, M. & McCombs, M. (1994). Agenda setting and political advertising: Origins of the news agenda. Political Communicatin, 11(3), 249-262. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.1994.9963030
Rubin, A. M. (1984). Ritualized and instrumental television viewing. Journal of Communication, 34(3), 67-77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1984.tb02174.x
Ruiz-Tagle, P. (2011). Propiedad de los medios y principios de intervención del Estado para garantizar la libertad de expresión en Chile [Media ownership and principles of State intervention to ensure freedom of expression in Chile]. Revista de Derecho (Coquimbo), 18(2), 347-359. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-97532011000200012
Russo, A. P. L. H. (2017). Political Advertising in Chile: State of Play in a Period of Change. In C. Holtz-Bacha & M. Just (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Political Advertising (pp. 101-112). New York: Routledge.
Scammell, M. & Langer, A. I. (2006). Political Advertising in the United Kingdom. In L. Lee Kaid & C. Holtz-Bacha (2006), The Sage Handbook of Political Advertising (pp. 65-82). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Scullion, R. & Dermody, J. (2005). The value of party election broadcasts for electoral engagement: A content analysis of the 2001 British general election campaign. International Journal of Advertising, 24(3), 345-372. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2005.11072929
Semetko, H. A. & Valkenburg, P. M. (2000). Framing European politics: A content analysis of press and television news. Journal of communication, 50(2), 93-109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02843
Shoemaker, P. J. & Reese, S. D. (1996). Mediating the message. White Plains, NY: Longman.
Spenkuch, J. L. & Toniatti, D. (2018). Political Advertising and Election Results. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjy010
Stavitsky, A. G. (2000). By the numbers: The use of ratings data in Academic research. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44(3), 535-539. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4403_13
Stephens, D., Karp, J. A., & Hodgson, R. (2011). Party leaders as movers and shakers in British campaigns? Results from the 2010 election. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 21(2), 125-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2011.562613
Urcullo, L. & Moya, E. (2009). Control del financiamiento y gasto electoral en Chile [Monitoring of the electoral funding and spending in Chile]. Santiago, Chile: Andros.
Uribe, R., Hidalgo, P., Selman, E., & Albornoz, E. (2007). Las audiencias de la franja presidencial chilena [The Audiences of the Chilean Presidential Election Broadcasting]. Cuadernos.info, (21), 12-19. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.21.101
Valenzuela, S. (2014, December 2). Efectos de la reforma a la publicidad electoral [Effects of the electoral advertising reform]. Retrieved from http://www.t13.cl
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Publicado
2018-12-30
Cómo citar
Uribe, R. ., Buzeta, C. ., Manzur, E. ., & Pefaur, N. . (2018). Desgastada pero aún efectiva: examinando los datos de audiencia de la franja electoral presidencial chilena (1999-2017). Cuadernos.Info, (43), 181–199. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.43.1223
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OTROS TEMAS
