La innovación de las radiotelevisiones públicas europeas en la comunicación digital y las comunidades de usuarios
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.45.1350Palabras clave:
radiotelevisiones públicas europeas, innovación, interacción social, comunidades de usuarios, plataformas digitales, participaciónResumen
Esta investigación analiza las estrategias de innovación e interacción social de las radiotelevisiones públicas europeas como respuesta a los retos de transformación y adaptación a la nueva ecología de la comunicación digital. Metodológicamente, se realiza una exploración de las memorias de las corporaciones, un mapeo de la estructura de sus plataformas en Internet y una observación selectiva de la gestión de las webs y sus comunidades de usuarios de los entes públicos de los cinco países europeos con mayor población (Alemania, Reino Unido, Francia, España e Italia). Los resultados muestran que la participación y gestión de estas comunidades es todavía incipiente, poco proactiva y bastante condicionada por las exigencias de sus organizaciones públicas matrices
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AETHA (2014). Future use of the 470-694 MHz band. Report for Abertis, Arqiva, BBC, BNE, EBU and TDT (PDF file). Retrieved from https://tech.ebu.ch/docs/news/2014_11/Aetha%20Future%20use%20of%20the%20470-694MHz%20band%20in%20the%20EU%2031%20Oct%202014.pdf
Ala-Fossi, M. & Bonet, M. (2018). Who´s Afraid of a Pan-European Spectrum Policy? The EU and the Battles Over the UHF Broadcast Band. International Journal of Communication, 12, 337-358. Retrieved from https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/6713
Ala-Fossi, M. & Lax, S. (2016). The short future of public broadcasting: Replacing digital terrestrial television with Internet protocol? International Communication Gazette, 78(4), 365-382. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048516632171
Beer, D. (2008). Social network(ing) sites, revisiting the story so far: A response to danah boyd & Nicole Ellison. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(2), 516-529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2008.00408.x
Boyd, D. M. & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x
Burri, M. (2015). Public Service Broadcasting 3.0: Legal design for the digital present. London: Routledge.
Bustamante, E. (2015). Europa: Un servicio público multimedia para una nueva era. Diagnóstico y propuestas. Síntesis de trabajos 2009-2015 (Europe: A multimedia public service for a new era. Diagnostic and proposals. 2009-2015 works’ summary). Italy: Grupo Turín.
Campos-Freire, F. (2016). El valor social de la televisión abierta (The social value of open televisión). In E. Gutiérrez (Coord.), La TV digital terrestre. Situación actual y tendencias de futuro (Digital terrestrial TV. Current situation and future trends) (pp. 147-166). Madrid: Colegio Oficial de Ingenieros de Telecomunicaciones de España.
Cunningham, S. (2015). Repositioning the innovation rationale for public service media. International Journal of Digital Television, 6(2), 203-220. https://doi.org/10.1386/jdtv.6.2.203_1
Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). Open Innovation. The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Christensen, C. M. (1997). The Innovator`s Dilemma. When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Christensen, C. M., Raynor, M. E., & McDonald, R. (2015). What is Disruptive Innovation? Harvard Business Review, 93(12), 44-53. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2015/12/what-is-disruptive-innovation
Debrett, M. (2015). “Tools for Citizenship?” Public Service Media as a Site for Civic Engagement: An Australian Case Study. Television & New Media, 16(6), 557-575. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476414557951
EBU. (2014). Empowering society. A declaration on the core values of Public Service Media. Media Intelligence Service. Retrieved from www.ebu.ch
EBU. (2017, October 12). Licence fee 2017. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved from https://www.ebu.ch/news/2017/10/licence-fee-the-changing-picture-across-europe
Eco, U. (1986). TV: la transparencia perdida en la estrategia de la ilusión (TV: the transparency lost in the strategy of illusion). Barcelona: Lumen.
Echraghi, K. (2017, May 2). Réguler GAFAnomics: 5 pistes pour prendre les plateformes à leur propre jeu (Regulate GAFAnomics: 5 ways to tackle over the platforms) (blog article). Retrieved from https://www.fabernovel.com/fr/insights/economie/reguler-gafanomics-5-pistes-pour-prendre-les-plateformes-a-leur-propre-jeu
European Audiovisual Observatory (EAO). (2018). Yearbook 2017/2018. Key trends. Television, cinema, video and on-demand audiovisual services. The pan-European picture. Strasbourg: EAO.
Evans, P. (2015). De la deconstrucción a los big data: cómo la tecnología está transformando las empresas (From deconstruction to big data: how technology is tranforming companies). In N. Martínez (Coord.), Reiventar la empresa en la era digital (Reinventing the company in the digital age) (pp. 17-37). Madrid: BBVA. Retrieved from https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/articulos/de-la-deconstrucion-a-los-big-data-como-la-tecnologia-esta-transformando-las-empresas/
Ferrel Lowe, G. & Stavitsky, A. G. (2016). Ensuring public service news provision in the era of networked communications. International Communication Gazette, 78(4), 311-329. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048516632163
Fuchs, C. (2014). Social Media and the Public Sphere. triple C: Communication, Capitalism & Critique, 12(1), 57-101. https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v12i1.552
Glowacki, M. & Jackson, L. (2013). Public media management for the twenty-first century: Creativity, innovation, and interaction. New York, NY: Routledge.
Hallin, D. C. & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing Media Systems. Three models of Media and Politics. Cambridge University Press.
Hallin, D. C. & Mancini, P. (2011). Comparing Media Systems Beyond the Western World (Communication, Society and Politics). Cambridge University Press.
Jacobs, S. & Schillemans, T. (2016). Media and public accountability: typology and exploration. Policy & Politics, 44(1), 23-40. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557315X14431855320366
Lamy, P. (2014). Results of The Work of The High Level Group on The Future Use of The UHF Band (470-790 Mhz). Report to The European Commission. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/report-results-work-high-level-group-future-use-uhf-band
Lin, Y. (2015). Open data and co-production of public value of BBC backstage. International Journal of Digital Television, 6(2), 145-162. https://doi.org/10.1386/jdtv.6.2.145_1
Manovich, L. (2005). El lenguaje de los nuevos medios de comunicación: la imagen en la era digital (The language of the new media: the image in the digital age). Barcelona: Paidós Ibérica.
Martin, F. R. (2016). Mobile public service media in Australia: Ubiquity and its consequences. International Communication Gazette, 78(4), 330-348. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048516632167
Miguel de Bustos, J. C. & Casado del Río, M. A. (2016). Google, Apple, Facebook y Amazon. Emergencia de los GAFA y cambios en el sistema comunicativo global (Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon. Emergency of GAFA and changes in the global communication system). Revista Telos, 104, 38-48. Retrieved from https://telos.fundaciontelefonica.com/archivo/numero104/
O’Donnell, G. (2004). Accountability horizontal: la institucionalización legal de la desconfianza política (Horizontal accountability: the legal institutionalization of political distrust). Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 11, 11-31. Retrieved from https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/recp/article/view/37355
Osterwalder, A. (2004). The business model ontology. A proposition in a design science approach (doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://www.hec.unil.ch/aosterwa/PhD/Osterwalder_PhD_BM_Ontology.pdf
Parker, G., Alstyne, M., & Choudary, S.P. (2016). Platform Revolution. How networket markets are transforming the economy and how to make them work for you. New York, NY: Norton & Co.
Proulx, S. & Latzko-Toth, G. (2006). Mapping the Virtual in Social Sciences: On the Category of Virtual Community. The Journal of Community Informatics, 2(1), 42-52. Retrieved from http://blog.ci-journal.net/index.php/ciej/article/view/237
Ranaivoson, H., Farchy, J., & Gansemer, M. (2013). Differentiated strategies for digital innovation on television: Traditional channels vs. new entrants. Observatorio (OBS*) Journal, 7(4), 23-44. Retrieved from http://obs.obercom.pt/index.php/obs/article/view/659
Rheingold, H. (1993). The virtual community: Homesteading on the electronic frontier. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Rheingold, H. (1996). Comunidades virtuales (Virtual communities). Barcelona: Gedisa.
Rheingold, H. (2004). Multitudes inteligentes. Las redes sociales y las posibilidades de las tecnologías de cooperación (Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution). Barcelona: Gedisa.
Scolari, C. (2008). Hacia la hipertelevisión. Los primeros síntomas de una nueva configuración del dispositivo televisivo (Towards hypertelevision. The first symptoms of a new configuration of the television device). Diálogos de la Comunicación, 77, 1-9. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10230/25464
Schedler, A. (2008). ¿Qué es la rendición de cuentas? (What is accountability?). Mexico: Instituto Federal de Acceso a la Información Pública.
Sørensen, J. K. & Hutchinson, J. (2018). Algorithms and Public Service Media. In G. Ferrell Lowe, H. Van den Bulck, & K. Donders (Eds.), Public Service Media in the Networked Society RIPE@2017, (pp. 91–106). Retrieved from http://www.nordicom.gu.se/sites/default/files/publikationer-hela-pdf/public_service_media_in_the_networked_society_ripe_2017.pdf
Tambini, D. (2015). Five Theses on Public Media and Digitization: From a 56-Country Study. International Journal of Comunication, 9(2015), 1400–1424. Retrieved from https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc
Tiwana, A. (2013). Platform Ecosystems. Aligning Architecture, Governance and Strategy. Waltham, MA: Morgan Kaufmann.
Toffler, A. (1980). La tercera ola (The third wave). Bogota: Plaza & Janes.
Trappel, J. (2016). Taking the public service remit forward across the digital boundary. International Journal of Digital Television, 7(3), 273-295. https://doi.org/10.1386/jdtv.7.3.273_1
Tremblay, G. (2016). Public Service Media in the Age of Digital Networks. Canadian Journal of Communication, 41(1). https://doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2016v41n1a3062
Van den Bulck, H. & Moe, H. (2018). Public service media, universality and personalisation through algorithms: mapping strategies and exploring dilemmas. Media, Culture & Society, 40(6), 875–892. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443717734407
Ala-Fossi, M. & Bonet, M. (2018). Who´s Afraid of a Pan-European Spectrum Policy? The EU and the Battles Over the UHF Broadcast Band. International Journal of Communication, 12, 337-358. Retrieved from https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/6713
Ala-Fossi, M. & Lax, S. (2016). The short future of public broadcasting: Replacing digital terrestrial television with Internet protocol? International Communication Gazette, 78(4), 365-382. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048516632171
Beer, D. (2008). Social network(ing) sites, revisiting the story so far: A response to danah boyd & Nicole Ellison. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(2), 516-529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2008.00408.x
Boyd, D. M. & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x
Burri, M. (2015). Public Service Broadcasting 3.0: Legal design for the digital present. London: Routledge.
Bustamante, E. (2015). Europa: Un servicio público multimedia para una nueva era. Diagnóstico y propuestas. Síntesis de trabajos 2009-2015 (Europe: A multimedia public service for a new era. Diagnostic and proposals. 2009-2015 works’ summary). Italy: Grupo Turín.
Campos-Freire, F. (2016). El valor social de la televisión abierta (The social value of open televisión). In E. Gutiérrez (Coord.), La TV digital terrestre. Situación actual y tendencias de futuro (Digital terrestrial TV. Current situation and future trends) (pp. 147-166). Madrid: Colegio Oficial de Ingenieros de Telecomunicaciones de España.
Cunningham, S. (2015). Repositioning the innovation rationale for public service media. International Journal of Digital Television, 6(2), 203-220. https://doi.org/10.1386/jdtv.6.2.203_1
Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). Open Innovation. The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Christensen, C. M. (1997). The Innovator`s Dilemma. When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Christensen, C. M., Raynor, M. E., & McDonald, R. (2015). What is Disruptive Innovation? Harvard Business Review, 93(12), 44-53. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2015/12/what-is-disruptive-innovation
Debrett, M. (2015). “Tools for Citizenship?” Public Service Media as a Site for Civic Engagement: An Australian Case Study. Television & New Media, 16(6), 557-575. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476414557951
EBU. (2014). Empowering society. A declaration on the core values of Public Service Media. Media Intelligence Service. Retrieved from www.ebu.ch
EBU. (2017, October 12). Licence fee 2017. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved from https://www.ebu.ch/news/2017/10/licence-fee-the-changing-picture-across-europe
Eco, U. (1986). TV: la transparencia perdida en la estrategia de la ilusión (TV: the transparency lost in the strategy of illusion). Barcelona: Lumen.
Echraghi, K. (2017, May 2). Réguler GAFAnomics: 5 pistes pour prendre les plateformes à leur propre jeu (Regulate GAFAnomics: 5 ways to tackle over the platforms) (blog article). Retrieved from https://www.fabernovel.com/fr/insights/economie/reguler-gafanomics-5-pistes-pour-prendre-les-plateformes-a-leur-propre-jeu
European Audiovisual Observatory (EAO). (2018). Yearbook 2017/2018. Key trends. Television, cinema, video and on-demand audiovisual services. The pan-European picture. Strasbourg: EAO.
Evans, P. (2015). De la deconstrucción a los big data: cómo la tecnología está transformando las empresas (From deconstruction to big data: how technology is tranforming companies). In N. Martínez (Coord.), Reiventar la empresa en la era digital (Reinventing the company in the digital age) (pp. 17-37). Madrid: BBVA. Retrieved from https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/articulos/de-la-deconstrucion-a-los-big-data-como-la-tecnologia-esta-transformando-las-empresas/
Ferrel Lowe, G. & Stavitsky, A. G. (2016). Ensuring public service news provision in the era of networked communications. International Communication Gazette, 78(4), 311-329. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048516632163
Fuchs, C. (2014). Social Media and the Public Sphere. triple C: Communication, Capitalism & Critique, 12(1), 57-101. https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v12i1.552
Glowacki, M. & Jackson, L. (2013). Public media management for the twenty-first century: Creativity, innovation, and interaction. New York, NY: Routledge.
Hallin, D. C. & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing Media Systems. Three models of Media and Politics. Cambridge University Press.
Hallin, D. C. & Mancini, P. (2011). Comparing Media Systems Beyond the Western World (Communication, Society and Politics). Cambridge University Press.
Jacobs, S. & Schillemans, T. (2016). Media and public accountability: typology and exploration. Policy & Politics, 44(1), 23-40. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557315X14431855320366
Lamy, P. (2014). Results of The Work of The High Level Group on The Future Use of The UHF Band (470-790 Mhz). Report to The European Commission. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/report-results-work-high-level-group-future-use-uhf-band
Lin, Y. (2015). Open data and co-production of public value of BBC backstage. International Journal of Digital Television, 6(2), 145-162. https://doi.org/10.1386/jdtv.6.2.145_1
Manovich, L. (2005). El lenguaje de los nuevos medios de comunicación: la imagen en la era digital (The language of the new media: the image in the digital age). Barcelona: Paidós Ibérica.
Martin, F. R. (2016). Mobile public service media in Australia: Ubiquity and its consequences. International Communication Gazette, 78(4), 330-348. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048516632167
Miguel de Bustos, J. C. & Casado del Río, M. A. (2016). Google, Apple, Facebook y Amazon. Emergencia de los GAFA y cambios en el sistema comunicativo global (Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon. Emergency of GAFA and changes in the global communication system). Revista Telos, 104, 38-48. Retrieved from https://telos.fundaciontelefonica.com/archivo/numero104/
O’Donnell, G. (2004). Accountability horizontal: la institucionalización legal de la desconfianza política (Horizontal accountability: the legal institutionalization of political distrust). Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 11, 11-31. Retrieved from https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/recp/article/view/37355
Osterwalder, A. (2004). The business model ontology. A proposition in a design science approach (doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://www.hec.unil.ch/aosterwa/PhD/Osterwalder_PhD_BM_Ontology.pdf
Parker, G., Alstyne, M., & Choudary, S.P. (2016). Platform Revolution. How networket markets are transforming the economy and how to make them work for you. New York, NY: Norton & Co.
Proulx, S. & Latzko-Toth, G. (2006). Mapping the Virtual in Social Sciences: On the Category of Virtual Community. The Journal of Community Informatics, 2(1), 42-52. Retrieved from http://blog.ci-journal.net/index.php/ciej/article/view/237
Ranaivoson, H., Farchy, J., & Gansemer, M. (2013). Differentiated strategies for digital innovation on television: Traditional channels vs. new entrants. Observatorio (OBS*) Journal, 7(4), 23-44. Retrieved from http://obs.obercom.pt/index.php/obs/article/view/659
Rheingold, H. (1993). The virtual community: Homesteading on the electronic frontier. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Rheingold, H. (1996). Comunidades virtuales (Virtual communities). Barcelona: Gedisa.
Rheingold, H. (2004). Multitudes inteligentes. Las redes sociales y las posibilidades de las tecnologías de cooperación (Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution). Barcelona: Gedisa.
Scolari, C. (2008). Hacia la hipertelevisión. Los primeros síntomas de una nueva configuración del dispositivo televisivo (Towards hypertelevision. The first symptoms of a new configuration of the television device). Diálogos de la Comunicación, 77, 1-9. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10230/25464
Schedler, A. (2008). ¿Qué es la rendición de cuentas? (What is accountability?). Mexico: Instituto Federal de Acceso a la Información Pública.
Sørensen, J. K. & Hutchinson, J. (2018). Algorithms and Public Service Media. In G. Ferrell Lowe, H. Van den Bulck, & K. Donders (Eds.), Public Service Media in the Networked Society RIPE@2017, (pp. 91–106). Retrieved from http://www.nordicom.gu.se/sites/default/files/publikationer-hela-pdf/public_service_media_in_the_networked_society_ripe_2017.pdf
Tambini, D. (2015). Five Theses on Public Media and Digitization: From a 56-Country Study. International Journal of Comunication, 9(2015), 1400–1424. Retrieved from https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc
Tiwana, A. (2013). Platform Ecosystems. Aligning Architecture, Governance and Strategy. Waltham, MA: Morgan Kaufmann.
Toffler, A. (1980). La tercera ola (The third wave). Bogota: Plaza & Janes.
Trappel, J. (2016). Taking the public service remit forward across the digital boundary. International Journal of Digital Television, 7(3), 273-295. https://doi.org/10.1386/jdtv.7.3.273_1
Tremblay, G. (2016). Public Service Media in the Age of Digital Networks. Canadian Journal of Communication, 41(1). https://doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2016v41n1a3062
Van den Bulck, H. & Moe, H. (2018). Public service media, universality and personalisation through algorithms: mapping strategies and exploring dilemmas. Media, Culture & Society, 40(6), 875–892. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443717734407
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2019-12-30
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López-Golán, M., Rodríguez-Castro, M., & Campos-Freire, F. . (2019). La innovación de las radiotelevisiones públicas europeas en la comunicación digital y las comunidades de usuarios. Cuadernos.Info, (45), 241–255. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.45.1350
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TEMAS GENERALES
